State Science and Technology Policy Advice Issues, Opportunities, and Challenges: Summary of a National Convocation (2008) / Chapter Skim
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2 The National Context for Science and Technology Policy Advice
2 The National Context for Science and Technology Policy Advice
Pages 5-16
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From page 5... ...
Instead, they relied on their endowments, private fundraising, some funding from industry, and state funds. Before 1940, said Atkinson, researchers in private industry and even in universities "depended very much on the Europeans for basic research." As it became clear that the United States would soon become embroiled in World War II, President Franklin D
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From page 6... ...
1974: Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) established in the Executive Office of the President; Director of OSTP named as president's science advisor.
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From page 7... ...
These wartime research efforts produced remarkable advances, including the atomic bomb, high-frequency radar, sonar cryptography, proximity fuses, and important developments in the medical sciences. Toward the end of the war, President Roosevelt asked Vannevar Bush to develop a plan, based on the federal government's wartime experiences, to shape the nation's postwar research system.
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Federal funding of university research increased at a rapid rate, particularly with the launch of Sputnik in 1957. The challenge from the Soviet Union also led President Dwight D
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in the Executive Office of the President, with the director of OSTP designated as the president's science advisor. At the same time, various federal agencies, private foundations, and professional societies like the National Academy of Sciences began to identify and address some of the shortcomings that had led to tensions in the science and technology system.
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From page 10... ...
But all can influence science and technology policy advising at the state level, according to Lynn Peters, a vice president with Battelle and former director of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, who represented the federal and national laboratories during a panel discussion. "They thrive within their local communities and have an intimate interest [in those communities]
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FIGURE 2-1 Legend cropped in Photoshop and enlarged for readability Similarly, Sandia National Laboratories in New Mexico has participated in the development of a successful science and technology park where businesses work to convert new research into commercial products. Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee has partnered with the state to form the Joint Institute for Computational Sciences, which is working to develop high-performance computing and communications.
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From page 12... ...
and private organizations. Today the National Academies consist of four entities: the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council.
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As a result, said Muir, the institution cannot "interpret and follow through with legislators or others on most of our reports." The organizations that make up the National Academies are national in scope, but they often examine issues that have important implications at the state and local levels. NRC committees have looked at such diverse issues as the introduction of foreign oysters into the Chesapeake Bay, the Louisiana coastal protection restoration program, and the safety of a proposed biosafety facility to be built in Boston.
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From page 14... ...
"It captures and crystallizes their attention like almost nothing else will." For decades, the state has struggled to develop policies to manage the Columbia River Basin. Many groups have conflicting interests in the Columbia River, including farmers, other private interests, the federal government, the environmental community, and 13 Indian tribes that rely on the river's water.
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From page 15... ...
"We spent a tremendous amount of time and energy thinking about what it was we were going to ask the National Academy of Sciences to resolve for us." The actual charge covered most of two pages, but it can be boiled down to a relatively simple question, according to O'Keefe: "If 1 million acre-feet of water were to be removed from the river, what impact would that action have on endangered species, and what could be done to mitigate those impacts? " The state did not know what the response from the NRC committee would be, and the final report from the Water Science and Technology Board (National Research Council, 2004)
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From page 16... ...
And conversations with Canada and with surrounding states were initiated to manage the river more effectively. "The future in Washington State as a result of this conversation is really quite a lot brighter," O'Keefe concluded.
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