Desalination A National Perspective (2008) / Chapter Skim
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2 Historical and Contemporary Context for Desalination
2 Historical and Contemporary Context for Desalination
Pages 19-37
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From page 19... ...
Of this global cumulative desalination capacity, approximately 37 million m3/day is considered to be operational. This capacity includes seawater and brackish water desalination plants for municipal, industrial, agricultural, power, military, and demonstration ap 19
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Because this chart includes plants that have been decommissioned, the final cumulative capacity exceeds current operating capacity. Figure based on data taken from the 19th IDA Worldwide Desalting Plant Inventory (GWI, 2006b)
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SOURCE: Figure based on data from the 19th IDA Worldwide Desalting Plant Inventory (GWI, 2006b) and reproduced with kind permission of Global Water Intelligence.
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desalination facilities. Figure based on data from the 19th IDA Worldwide Desalting Plant Inventory (GWI, 2006b)
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desalination plants by end user. SOURCE: Figure based on data from the 19th IDA Worldwide Desalting Plant Inventory (GWI, 2006b)
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between 500 and 15,000 mg/L, and pure water is that with TDS below 500 mg/L. Figure based on data from the 19th IDA Worldwide Desalting Plant Inventory (GWI, 2006b)
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government began with the Saline Water Conversion Act of 1952, which established the Office of Saline Water (OSW)
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However, the OSW and the OWRT funded research that was focused on more than just desalination, includ ing general aspects of saline water research, such as the physical properties of saline fluids, hydrocarbon hydrates, and organic solutions. Such 1 For more information, see http://www.usbr.gov/pmts/water/desalnet.html.
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From page 27... ...
In the mid-1970s, federal research funding began to decline, and in 1982 federal funding for desalination research and development was discontinued except for a small amount of research in the Department of the Interior. The Water Resources Research Act of 1984 continued some desalination research in the U.S.
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From page 28... ...
. Survey participants were asked to provide data on the level of expended funds for their agency's or organization's desalination research and to list separately any funding they provided for desalination construction and for water reuse research.
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Examples of federal research currently under way include the following: • developing a forward osmosis water purification prototype, by the USBR; • investigating computational fluid dynamics for advanced membrane design, by Sandia National Laboratory; • demonstrating novel components for use in desalination, through the ONR; • quantifying the fresh and saline groundwater resources of the Salt Basin in New Mexico, by the U.S. Geological Survey; BOX 2-1 Research Definitions The Office of Management and Budget defines three categories of research (OMB, 2003)
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for development of the Expeditionary Unit Water 3 Purification, a 379 m /day (0.1 MGD) portable water desalination and water treatment unit for military deployment to remote field locations or to civilians in cases of water emergencies.
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Thus, there is a strong need for a strategic and coordinated approach to federal desalination research. Several states, most notably California, have begun to direct their own budgetary resources toward desalination research and development to meet their immediate water supply concerns.
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Johns River Water Management District. The California agencies/programs included in the above results are the Proposition 50 program, the California Energy Commission, and the State Water Resources Control Board of California, which supports desalination research through the WateReuse Foundation.
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Nonprofit organizations tend to support applied research, and state funds primarily support development projects, including feasibility studies and pilot testing. Table 2-5 provides a 3-year comparison for FY 2005-2007 of total federal, state, and nonprofit foundation funding for desalination research, desalination construction, and funding for water reuse research.
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Nevertheless, the committee used a simple and logical analysis, informed by the considered judgment of those working in the industry, to estimate this research spending. The committee estimates that private industry roughly invests between $100 and $150 million per year in research and development on desalination technology and its applications, far exceeding federal government research spending in desalination.
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International Governmental Research and Development The committee did not formally assess the magnitude of international funding for desalination research and development, but other countries like Singapore, China, Israel, the European Union, and the United Arab Emirates also fund desalination research and development. For instance, ongoing research programs exist at the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Doha Research Plant (KISR, 2007)
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Desalination plants, for purposes ranging from municipal water supply to industrial applications, are now in place in every state in the United States. These plants primarily utilize membrane technology and treat mainly brackish water rather than seawater.
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The private sector appears to fund the majority of desalination research, with total annual spending estimated to be more than twice that of all other surveyed sources of such funding. Based on the judgment of individuals working in the industry, the private sector allocates a smaller fraction of its research portfolio to high-risk desalination research than the federal government.
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