Diet and Health Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk (1989) / Chapter Skim
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11 Fat-Soluble Vitamins
11 Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Pages 311-328
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From page 311... ...
The 1977-1978 Nationwide Food Consumption Surrey, based on 3-das,~ dietary intake reports, indicated that total vitamin A intakes averaged 133% of the RDA. More than twothirds of the population had intakes of at least 70% of the RDA.
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From page 312... ...
The human body utilizes both forms of vitamin D by hydroxylating first the 25-position in the liver and then the la-position in the kidney, producing the biologically active Icx,25-diLydroxycalciferols. Vitamin D occurs naturally only in animal foods such as liver, butter, fatty fish (fish containing high levels of cholesterol or fatty acids as glycerides)
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From page 313... ...
This result supports two earlier case-comparison studies in the United States (Marshall et al., 1983; Wylie-Rosett et al., 19841. A 5-year prospective study of 1,271 Massachusetts residents 66 years of age or older demonstrated an inverse association between frequency of eating green and yellow vegetables and risk of death from cancer after adjustment for age, smoking habits, sex, and total food intake (Col~itz et al., 1985~.
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From page 314... ...
In at least one study, growth of tumor cells was not suppressed in mice injected with ,B-carotene (Tomita, 1983~. More information is clearly needed concerning the potential roles of specific carotenoids as chemopreventive agents for specific neoplasms in laboratory animals.
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From page 315... ...
in Linxian, a province in northern China with very high incidence rates of esophageal cancer. Systematic studies of the ecological correlation between vitamin A nutriture and cancer risk have not yet been reported.
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Vitamin D Vitamin D serves to maintain serum calcium concentrations, which in turn influence bone mineralization. Vitamin D as 1,25-dihydroxycholecal cifero!
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From page 317... ...
2D improved net calcium absorption and balance and increased trabecular bone volume in a controlled study in postmenopausal osteoporotic women with one or more traumatic vertebral fractures. Investigators in Finland reported that serum 25-hydroxycholecalcifero!
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From page 318... ...
Vitamin E Cancer Human Studies The prospective epidemiologic studies reviewed below suggest that vitamin E intake is in itself not related to overall risk of cancer, but that low serum levels of vitamin E coupled with low serum levels of selenium may increase the risk of at least some cancers. Additional studies are needed to investigate this hypothesis and to determine whether intake of vitamin E may be related tO risk of specific cancers, for example, of the breast and lung.
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From page 319... ...
(1983) reported that the cancer risk associated with low serum selenium appeared strongest in persons with low serum vitamin E
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From page 320... ...
(1982) observed no effect of vitamin E supplementation on incidence of squamous cell carcinomas in hairless mice exposed tO UV radiation.
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From page 321... ...
These researchers indicated that vitamins Kit and K3 act at different metabolic sites as evidenced by benzolalpyrene activation and detoxification. Over Disease H77man Studies Severe parenchymal liver disease of several dif' ferent etiologies can produce deficiencies in plasma clotting factors.
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From page 322... ...
Results of animal studies have been inconsistent, and anticancer mechanisms for vitamin E have not been established. Vitamin D influences bone mineralization by enhancing absorption of calcium from the intestinal tract and maintaining serum calcium concentrations.
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1984. Serum vitamin D metabolites in younger and elderly postmenopausal women.
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1979. Intestinal calcium absorption and serum vitamin f)
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1983. Dietary habits and lung cancer risk.
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1979. Osteoporosis and age-related osteopenia: evaluation of possible role of vitamin D endocrine system in pathogenesis of impaired intestinal calcium absorption.
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From page 327... ...
1984. Reduc tion with vitamin A and beta~carotene administration of proportion of micronucleated buccal mucosal cells in Asian betel nut and tobacco chewers.
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