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From page 711...
... 662 Additives, food, see Food additives Adenosine tnphosphate (ADP) , 143, 191, Age 419 Adipose tissue/adiposity animals studies of, 148 blood flow and blood pressure in, 149 brown adipose tissue, 146-147, 436 carbohydrate intake and, 277 diabetes mellitus and, 123 distribution of, see Body fat distribution energy intake and, 148 excess energy storage as, 139 fatty acids and, 28, 186, 193, 215 insulin resistance in, 149, 152 linoleic acid in, 203 lipoprotein lipase levels in, 143 norepinephrine and, 149 metabolism of, 147 obesity and, 147 osteoporosis and, 621 standards, 565-567 thermogenesis and, 152, 436 see also Obesity Adrenal hyperfunction, 150 ,B-Adrenergic receptors, 152 Aflatoxins Africa carcinogenicity, 12, 264, 440, 490, 662, 665 liver cancer and, 119, 596-597, 601 protection against, 5, 478, 665 in trout, 490 see also Mycotoxins cancerin,ll7,119,120,296,334,384, 386, 486-487 dental canes in, 127 diabetes in, 299, 333 gallstones in, 126' 301 serum cholesterol levels in, 166, 333 see also specific countries alcohol intake and, 61-62, 432, 451-452 atherosclerotic lesion characteristics and, 166 calcium intake and, 17, 69, 76, 264 265, 317, 347-351, 353, 354 body fat and, 139 bone mass and, 120-t 21, 264 breast cancer and, 119, 120, 207 CHD and, 101, lO2, 165, 167, 445, 532 cholesterol intake and, 58, 161 dental caries and, 127, 128 diabetes mellitus and, 122.
From page 712...
... 338-340, 452, 660 male-limited susceptibility to, 93 markers of genetic susceptibility, 93 milieu-limited susceptibility to, 93 nutrient deficiencies from, 284, 334, 337-340, 357, 434, 450-452, 660 organ damage from, 92 prevalence of, 16, 433, 451, 673 racial and ethnic differences in, 443, 452 research needs on, 95, 453, 542, 556 symptoms of drunkenness, 431 twin studies of, 92, 93 Aldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, 88, 93 Aldosterone, 418, 424 Alfalfa, 298, 490 AIginates, 74 Alkaline phosphatase, 302 Alkyl benzenes, 488 Allergic reactions, 478 Allyl isothiocyanate, 490 Aluminum Alzheimer's disease and, 387-388, 395 animal studies of, 387, 388 cancer and, 381 clinical studies of, 387-388 dietary sources of, 387 epidemiologic studies of, 387-388 intake trends. 387 short-term tests of, 387 Alzheimer's disease aluminum and, 387-388, 395 manganese and, 386 treatment of.
From page 713...
... 375 pellagra, 33 scurvy, 33 sexually dimorphic, 276 stake, 262 see also Laboratory animals Animal protein atherosclerotic lesions and, 193, 265, 533 cancer and, 15, 207, 263. 659, 673 CHD and, 15-16, 265, 673 fat association with, 16, 260, 659 food sources of, see Meats gallstones and, 300 hypercholesterolemia and 261, 265 intake trends, 9, 181, 259, 654 nutrients provided by, 16 recommended intakes of, 15-16, 17-18, 672-673, 675, 681, 682 serum cholesterol levels from, 9, 181, 261, 533 Animal studies alcohol intake, 92, 439-442 aluminum, 387, 388 Alzheimer's disease, 388 arsenic, 392 aspartame, 473-474 atherosclerosis, 112-113, 161, 169, 176, 189, 196, 200 atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, 148-149, 151-152, 195-196, 200-201, 333-334, 376-377, 381, 382 BHA, 476-477 BHT, 477 biotin, 340 cadmium, 389, 390 calcium, 354, 356, 357, 603 cancer, 7, 8, 150-151, 153, 213-215.
From page 714...
... 333 SPA intake and, 7-8, 195-196, 228, 656 stroke and, 104 subclinical detection of, 29-30 thrombosis and, 161 triglycerides and, 175 VLDLs and, 175 vitamin C and, 333-334 see also Arteriosclerosis Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases alcohol and, 442-446 animal studies of, 148-149, 151-152, 37~377. 380, 382, 392 arsenic and, 391 blood pressure and, 112-113 body fat distribution and, 114, 117 carbohydrates and, 278-279 chromium and, 381-382 clinical studies of, 148, 151, 198-200, 370, 376, 380, 381-382, 571-572 copper and, 380 dietary cholesterol and, 7, 15, 161-162, 178, 197-198, 656, 666, 670 energy expenditure and, 151-152 energy intake and, 148-149, 380 epidemiologic studies of, 148, 151, 163-171, 192-194, 197-198.
From page 715...
... 217-218, 219, 292, 296. 298, 301, 302, 320, 357, 440 Biliary tract lesions, 124 Binge eating, 25 Bioassays, see Laboratory methods Bioelectric impedance analysis, 144 B vitamins, enrichment of foods with, 74; see also Biotin; Folacin; Niacin; Pantothenic acid; Riboflavin; Thiamin; Vitamin B6; Vitamin B,2; Vitamins Bacon, 72, 80, 475 Bakery products carbohydrates supplied by, 15, 18, 60, Biologic markers 672 accuracy of, 26, 28 dough conditioners in, 74 alcoholism, 93 enrichment of, 75 animal fat Intake, 221 fats contributed by, 13, 15, 18, 56, 58 atherosclerosis, 29 670, 672 carcinogen exposure' 51, 385 intake trends, 81 colorectal cancer, 212 nitrites in, 475 energy intake, 28 recommended intakes of, 670, 675 fatty acids, 28 see also specific bakery items food intake, 26, 27 Baking powder, 73, 387 hemochromatosis, 92 Baking soda, 72 hyperl~poprote~nem~a, 170 Bananas, 66, 73, 280 iron nutritional status, 50, 92 Bangladesh, Vitamin A deficiency in, 316 lead Intake, 29 Barbiturates, 322 osteoporosis, 29 Beans, 57, 70 protein intake, 27, 28 Beef, 56-58, 63, 80, 160, 207, 208, 370, selenium, 28 654 Beef fat, 186, 204, 213, 298; see also Animal fat Beets, 208, 297 Behavior alcohol intake and, 43S, 446 carbohydrate intake and, 283 hypoglycemia and, 446 lead intake and, 395 Belgium cancer in, 208, 282' 332, 356 CHD in, 100-101 hypertension in, 108, 358 Benign prostatic hypertrophy, 371, 389 Benzanthracene, 481 Benzanthrene, 441 Benzidine, 478 BenzoLalpyrene, 314, 321, 333, 369, 440, 476, 477, 481 Benzpyrene, 440 Benben, 334, 450 Beverages availability trends, 61 carbohydrates supplied by, 59, 60 carbonated, see Soft drinks dry mixes, 476 fortification of, 75 715 sodium or salt intake, 28, 414 value of, 28 validity checks against, 27, 28 see also Dietary data; Genetic markers Biotin animal studies of, 340 cancer and, 340 ESADDI, 48 human studies of, 340 liver disease and, 340 safety index, 518 Blacks adherence to dietary guidelines, 80 alcohol intake by, 61, 433, 434 atherosclerosis in, 166 blood pressure in, 95, 111 cancer incidence in, 118, 119, 120, 209, 212, 339, 475 CHD in, 102, 333, 532 cholesterol intake trends among, 58, 161 diabetes mellitus in, 123, 333 fat intake by, 224 hypertension in, 11, 89, 95, 109, 111-112, 394, 41~417, 419, 420, 660 hypolactasia in, 88 nutrient intakes by, 69, 70-71, 73 obesity and overweight in' 90, 115-116 osteoporosis in, 122 red-cell sod~um/lithium countertransport in, 89 sickle-cell disease among, 94 stroke deaths and incidence in, 15.
From page 716...
... 16, 114, 117, 123, 144,6S9.673 endometrial cancer and, 144 energy intake and, 144, 148 femoral, 10, 659, 673 gallbladder disease and, 16, 673 gluteal, 10, 144, 565, 659, 673 heritability of, 90 hypertension and, 10, 16~ 144, 659, 673 measurement of, 114, 144, 565-567 obesity and, 578 osteoarthritis and, 16, 673 during pregnancy and lactation, 145 prospective epidemiologic studies of, 578 stability of, 566-567 standards for, S65 stroke and, 10, 105, 117, 144, 659 waist-hip ratios, 16, 114, 117, 144, 148' 565-567, 578 Body fat/fatness age and, 139, 146 alcohol intake and, 450 blood pressure and, 112 body weight and, 139 carbohydrate and, 276 cardiovascular disease risk and, 148-149 energy balance and, 143-144, 153 energy intake and, 144-145, 281, 282 extreme leanness, 10, 659 heritability of, 117 measurement of, 114, 143-144 physical exercise and, 139, 144, 146, 151 stability of, 566-567 in twins, 90 see also Obesity; Triglycerides; Body fat distribution Body mass index atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and, 148 carbohydrate intake and, 281 CHD and, 103 defined, 114 diabetes mellitus mortality and, 117 INDEX energy intake and.
From page 717...
... 618, 680, 681 safety index, 518 serum cholesterol and, 261 standards for, 48 supplementation, 11, 17, 352-354, 356, 360,514,515,517,518,553,617, 661, 674. 680 from tap water, 25 toxicity, 517, 518 vitamin D and, 312, 316, 322, 353, 356, 616 California cancer in, 118, 119, 210, 297 CHD in, 102, 164, 445 hypertension in, 355 obesity and overweight in, 114-115 PAD in, 106 serum cholesterol levels in, 163 stroke in, 104-105 Calories alcoholic beverages, 436 fat, 14, 671 snack foods, 76 sources of, 15, 54, 56, 59, 62, 62, 80, 6S4, 672 see also Energy balance; Energy expenditure; Energy intake; Energy stores/storage; Food energy; Low-calorie diets Calorimetry, 141 Cameroon, dental caries in, 127 Campesterol, 201 Canada alcoholic cirrhosis in, 125 cancer in, 207, 282, 291, 299, 331, 388, 437, 467-468, 471-472, 475, 489, 699 CHD in, 100-lO1 dietary intake trends in, 224 dietary recommendations in, 682, 686-688 hypertension in, 442 obesity and overweight in, 114-115 Cancer acrylonitrile and, 481-482 aflatoxins and, 486-487 alcohol intake and, 16' 437-442, 673 aluminum and, 387 animal studies of, 8, 150-151, 153, 213-215, 282-283, 314, 315-316, 319-320, 321, 332-333, 335-340, 3S7, 368-369, 371-372, 378, 381-387.
From page 718...
... and, 278-279, 284, 657 clinical studies of, 275-276, 277, 279-282 complex, defined, 273 see also Cancer; Carcinogenesis; and criminality and, 283, 284 specific carcinogens data sources on availability of, 47 Cardiac function, obesity and, 578-579 dental caries and, 9, 127, 279-281, 284, Cardiac hypertrophy, 29 658, 672 Cardiovascular diseases energy expenditure for storage as fat, 140, 151, 221 energy intake from, 139-140 epidemiologic evidence on, 274-275, 279, 281, 282 food sources of, 14, 55, 59-60, 76, 273-274, 654, 671, 672, 675 gallstones and, 300 glucose tolerance and, 9, 274, 277, 284, 385, 657, 658 glycemic index, see Glucose tolerance glycosuna and, 277 HDL cholesterol and, 276, 278-279 hyperactivity and, 283, 284 hypercholesterolemia and, 275 hyperglycemia and, 275-277, 283, 284 hyperlipidemia and, 277 hypertoglyceridemia and, 275, 276, 278 IDDM and, 277-278 indigestible, see Fiber insulin levels and, 9, 149, 275, 277, 284, 385, 658 intake trends, 15, 54, 59, 76, 142, 273-274 interactions with other dietary constituents, 281, 330 lactose intolerance and' 283-284 LDL cholesterol and, 13, 276, 278, 671 metabolism of, 59 monitoring status, 81 NIDDM and, 9, 274-277, 284, 299, 6S8 obesity and, 9, 221, 277, 281-282, 284 protective erects of, 281 recommended intalce of, 14, 15, 17, 18, 669-670, 671, 672, 675, 677-680, 682-683, 686 refined, 127 renal disease and, 277-278 retinopathy and, 277 serum cholesterol and, 261, 27~278 simple, defined, 273 tuglycende levels and, 275, 277, 278, 658 VLDL levels and, 275 see also Fiber; Sugars; and specific carbohydrates Carcinogenesis animal studies of, 33, 153, 213-215 caloric intake and, 150-151, 215 dietary fat and, 213-215 dose-response relationships in, 36 mechanisms of action in, 320, 335, 378-379, 477-478 nutritional deficiencies and, 441-442 short-tenn tests for, 34, 369, 372, 374-375, 378, 383, 385, 387, 389, 391, 392, 394 see also Cancer; Carcinogens _ . Carcinogens biologic markers of exposure to, 51 epigenetic, 34 ethanol activation of, 440 metabolism of, 91 mutagenic action of, 91 produced in cooked foods, 481, 485-486 body weight and, 10, 659 in children, 222 dietary cholesterol and, 6, 196-201 magnesium intake and, 359 mortality rates from, 162 phospholipids and, 217 m-3 PUFAs and, 1190 see also Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases Cardiovascular function, physical exercise and, lSl-152 ,B-Carotenes and other carotenoids animal studies of, 314 antioxidant effects of, 314 cancer and, 9, 207, 313-314, 318, 322, 334, 341, 488, 658, 672, 695 data sources on availability of, 47-48 food sources of, 64, 311, 654 human studies of, 313-314 hypercarotenemia and, 314 in vitro studies of, 314 intake trends, 64, 82, 311, 312 mechanisms of action, 15, 314 protective erects of, 9, 15, 207, 302, 314, 322, 341, 488, 658, 672 see also Vitamin A Carotenodermia, 314 Carotenoids with no vitamin A activity cancer and, 314 inclusion in dietary surveys, 51 CarTageenan, 291 Carrots, 64, 73, 82, 279, 311, 654 Case-comparison studies cancer, 313, 315, 514 CHD, 411, 445 stroke, 443 Case-control studies alcohol intake, 437-439, 446 cancer, 153, 207-211, 263, 264, 282, 297-299, 302, 331-332, 356, 371, 377, 387-389, 437-439, 467, 471, 472, 488, 489, 514 cigarette smoking, 437
From page 719...
... 334, 341, 371, 386, 475, 487 gallbladder disease and gallstones in, 126 hyperlipidemia in, 443 hypertension in, 108, 415 vitamin deficiencies in, 334, 341 Chinese hamster ovary, see Cell cultures; Mutagenicity tests Chloride, 48, 423-424 Chlorogenic acid, 467 Chlorophyll, 70 Chocolate, 280, 466 Cholcalciferol, see Vitamin D Cholecystitis, 125 Cholelithiasis bile composition and, 219, 220 cholecystitis and, 125 clinicallmetabolic studies of, 218-219 ecogenetic factors in, 219 incidence of, 29, 127 nutritional factors in, 124, 195, 218, 220, 229 see also Gallbladder disease and gallstones Cholesta''e tool, 201 Cholesterol, see Dietary cholesterol; HDL cholesterol; LDL cholesterol; Serum or plasma cholesterol Cholesteryl esters, 162, 169, 17~177 Cholestyramine, 167 Choline, 160, 216-217, 338, 339, 448, 449 Chromium animal studies of, 382-383 atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and, 381-382 biologic role of, 381 cancer and, 382, 395 CHD and, S15 clinical studies of, 381-382, 383 data sources on availability in food supply, 47 diabetes and, 383 epidemiologic studies of, 381-382 ESADDI, 48 food sources of, 381 glucose metabolism and, 381. 382, 515 intake trends, 381 protective of 277 serum cholesterol and, 515 short-term tests of, 383 supplementation, 382, 515 Chrysene, 441 Chylomicrons, 162-163, 177.
From page 720...
... 476-477 genetic and familial factors in, 91, 118 mortality rates, 690-691 MUFAs and, 601 obesity and, 575 pantothenic acid and, 340 physical activity and, 153 population differences in, 212, 296 prevention of, 6, 19 protective dietary components for, 8, 1 1 , 15, 303, 3 15, 322, 341, 377, 488, 672 protein and, 9, 263, 659 PUFAs and, 213, 600 serum cholesterol and, 14, 206, 210, 211, 671, 692-693 sex differences in, l 18 SFAs and, 8, 174, 215, 656, 692-693 trace elements and, 368, 377, 380, 385, 393 vitamin BE and, 339, 341 vitamin C and, 332, 333, 341 vitamin E and, 319, 322 Colorectal cancer alcohol intake and, 438, 596 calcium and, 356, 357, 360, 596 carbohydrates and, 208 dietary cholesterol and, 210' 596 endocrine-related, 210 epidemiologic studies of, 152-153, 208-209, 282, 284, 438, 595-596, 654, 657 fat intake and, 7, 77, 206, 208-209, 215, 595 fiber and, 77, 208, 296, 297, 302, 488, 596 incidence and mortality from, 1 IS-119 linoleic acid and, 208 other cancers associated with, 118, 120, 595 meats and, 208, 596 MUFAs and, 596 physical activity and, 152-153 protective dietary components for, 208, 314, 596 protein and, 208, 598-599 public information programs on, 77 racial, ethnic, and migrant differences in, 118 sex differences in, 118, 1 19, 208 SFAs and, 208, 692-693 U.S. rates of, 118, 593 vitamin A and, 314, 658, 596 vitamin C and, 332, 514, 596 Coloring dyes, 74 Community teals Busselton Community Study, 210 hypertension, 202, 693 Computed tomography, 104, 144, 175, 351-353 Condiment sauces, 72 Conference of Health Effects of Blood Liproproteins, 164 Confounding /confounders in case-comparison studies, 443 in CHD studies, 284 in cross-sectional compansons, 24, 204, 228 defined, 30 in dietary intake data, 185, 194, 197, 274, 284
From page 721...
... 100-101, 104 diabetes mellitus and, 103, 124, 171 diet trial feasibility for, 32 eating patterns and, 103 end points, 172-175 energy intake and, 148, 534, 536-537 epidemiologic evidence on, 102, 163-171, 197-198, 260, 294-295, 369, 469-470, 533-534 ethnic, racial, and migrant differences in, 102, 149, 178 fatintakeand, 5,7,31,33, 54, 77, 80, 93, 102, 161, 278, 656 fiber and, 9, 294-296, 302, 303, 533, 534, 658 fish consumption and, 8, 13, 185, 192, 193, 6S7, 671 foods correlated with, 192 gallbladder disease and, 127 genetic and familial factors in, 86, 88-89,93, 103, 171,224,536 HDL cholesterol and, 151, 166-168, 171, 376, 533-536 HDLs and, 88, 444 hypercholesterolemia and, 86, 88, 171, 172, 534, 536 hyperlipidemia and, 6, 171, 533 hypertension and, 101, 107, 535 individual risk of, 164 165, 166-168, 170 LDL cholesterol and, 166-168, 171, 178, 227, 228, 532-S33, 536 LDLs and, 86, 88, 168, 444 lipids and, 88-89, 93, 177 manganese and, 386 morbidity, 100 mortality rates, 6, 89, 100-102, 151, 164-165, 167, 197, 445, 531-532, 572, 6S5, 690-691 MUFAs and, 54 nephrotic syndrome and, 171 obesity and, 376, 535, 569-57D, 659 observational studies of, 533-534 occupational factors and, 102-103, 537 pathogenesis of, 99-100, 168, 175, 530 peripheral vascular disease and, 175 physical activity and, 16, 103, 151, 153, 534, 536-537 population differences in rates, 100-101, 113, 164, 168, 170, 177, 227, 532 population risk of, 103, 166 premature, 171, 227, 536 prevention of, 113, 167, 172'-17S, 185, 192, 193, 194-195, 227, 679, 686-687 protective dietary components for, 8, 227, 295, 533, 534, 657-658 protein and, 9, 15-16, 260-261 psychosocial factors in, 103, 537 public information programs on, 77 public perceptions of risk for, 80 PUFAs and, 54, 193, 227-228, 533-534, 657 renal disease and, 171 risk factors for, 77, 88, 101, 102-103, 113, 171, 532-537 serum cholesterol and, 6, 86, 88, 93, 101, 102, 103, 161-164, 167, 172-175, 177-178, 195, 222, 225, 227, 228, 376, 445-44S, 532, 533-534, 66S, 671, 692, 697-699, 700-701 sex differences in, 100, 102, 167, 369, 536 SFAs and, 7-8, 14, S4, 77, 102, 103, 193, 228, 532-535, 656, 666, 668, 671, 694 socioeconomic factors and, 101, 102-103, 275, 532 stroke and, 105 supplement use and, 514-515 time trends in, 101-102, 196 trace elements and, 369, 370, 376, 380, 515, 382 triglycerides and, 170-171 in the United States, 101, 531-532 in vegetarians, 278-279 vitamin C and. 33, 515 vitamin E and, 514-515 VLDL cholesterol and, 170-171 Corpus uteri, see Uterine cancer Correlation analysis studies, 275, 332, 352 Cottonseed oil, 64, 184, 186, 490 Coumarin, 322, 490 Crab meat, 72 Craclcers, 58 Cream, 203, 207 Creatinine, 28 Creatinuria, 320 Criminality, and carbohydrate intake, 283, 284 Croatia, CHD in, 164 Cross-sectional studies blood pressure, 202, 2Q4, 415, 442 confounding in, 24, 204, 228 dental caries, 279 energy intakes by elderly people, 147-147 glucose tolerance, 274 hyperlipidemia, 443
From page 722...
... 628 animal models of, 150, 629 animal studies of, 149-150, 152, 1S3, 299-300, 385-386, 574, 629-630 atherosclerosis and, 275, 531 body fat distribution and, 114, 117, 123, 144, 627-628 body mass index and, 117 body weight and, 149 carbohydrates and, 628, 629 cardiovascular complications in, 4, 124 CHD and, 103, 124 chromium and, 383, 628 clinical/metabolic studies of, 149, 152, 153, 299, 372, 383. 385, 573-574, 628-629 defined, 122 diagnosis of, 122, 627 dietary management of, 264, 628-629 epidemiologic studies of, 149, 152, 153, 299, 372, 573, 628-629 energy expenditure and, 152, 153 energy intake and, 149-150, 153, 629 fat intake and, 628 fiber and, 9, 299-300, 301, 302, 628, 629, 6S8 forms, see insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus genetic factors in, 89, 628 glucose intolerance and, 106, 122, 153, 628, 629 genetic and familial factors in, 123 hemochromatosis and, 92 hypertension and, 629 intermittent clalldication and, 106 ' manganese and, 385-386 in migrants, 123, 149, 628 mortality rates, 117, 149 myocardial infarction and, 148 nutritional management of, 90 obesity and, 117, 573-574 PAD and, 106, 124 physical exercise and, 152, 153 population differences in, 122-123, 27~275, 627 racial and ethnic differences in, 123 renal disease, 629 as a risk rector for other chronic diseases, 123-124, 274 sex differences and, 123, 627 socioeconomic status and, 123, 628 stroke and, 105, 124 sugar and, 629 time trends in, 123 triglycerides and, 171, 275, 276 zinc metabolism and, 372 Diagnosis of disease anorexia nervosa, 584 bulimia, 584-585 cirrhosis of the liver, 124 diabetes mellitus, 122 familial dysbetalipoproteinemia, 168 gallstones, 126 hypertension, 107 local biases in, 30 PAD9 105-106 pancreatic cancer, 119 stroke, 104, 175-176 Dibenz[a,hianthracene, 481 3,4,9,10-Dibenzpyrene, 319 Diet, definition of, 99 Dietary cholesterol animal studies of, 33, 161, 200, 228 atherosclerosis and, ~8, 13, 15, 161, 196-201, 228' 656, 657, 666, 670 autoaxidation products, 201 availability trends, 53, 58, 160 biologic role of, 160, 225-226 cancer and, 174, 206, 210, 214 CHD and, 8, 14, 31, 33, 58, Hi, 80, 103, 197-198, 228, 657, 668, 670-672, 694 clinicallmetabolic studies of, 218 data sources on availability of, 47-48 dietary fat intake and, 222-223 food sources of, 13, 16, 58, 160, 161, 222-223, 670-671 gallbladder disease and gallstones and, 12S, 127, 218, 220 hormonal status and, 210 hypercholesterolemia and, 201, 228 infant intake of, 222-223
From page 723...
... 197 predictive equations for, 198-199, 533 prevention of absorption of, 201 racial and ethnic differences in, 161 recommended intake of, 13, 14, 17, 226, 670, 671, 675, 677-680, 682-683, 685-687 serum cholesterol and, 8, 180, 197-199, 20}, 228, 657, 670 SFAs and, 200 socioeconomic status and, 58, 161 structure of, 160 variability of human response to, 8, 182-183, 197, 199, 201, 228 see also Fats; Lipids and lipoproteins; Serum or plasma cholesterol Dietary data accuracy of, 24, 25-27, 28, 80, 652 biologic markers, 26, 27, 28 diet histories, 24, 27, 291 dietary recalls, 24, 25 food composition tables, 23, 24, 25, 27-2S, 652 food disappearance data, 24, 80 food frequency questionnaires, 24' 27, 207, 208 food models, 24 food records, 24, 26, 27 on groups, 23-24, 26, 27, 46 household food inventories, 24 on individuals, 24-25 per-capita intake, 24 24-hour recall, 24, 25, 26-27, 45, 46, 49, 50, 52, 53, 55, 61, 63, 140, 180, 208, 261, 264, 295 volume models, 24 see also Dietary intake Dietary guidelines and recommendations cancer prevention, 676, 679 criteria and processes for formulation of, 5-6, 18-20, 652, 665-669, 670 diabetes management, 680 implementation of, 20, 667, 669, 701-103 implications for food choices, 674-675 general health maintenance, 675, 676, 678-679 heart disease, 676, 679 osteoporosis, 680 by other expert groups, 667, 675-690 populations versus individuals, 93-94, 652, 667-670 potential adverse consequences of, 690-691 public health impacts of, 697-701 quantitative versus qualitative, 667, 670 see also specific foods and specific nutrients Dietary intake by age-sex groups, 24, 161 by children, 224, 225 correlation with biochemical indicators of nutritional status. 50 723 criteria for assessing adequacy of.
From page 724...
... ee Potassium; Sodium Embolism. tO4 Energy availability trends, 140 defined, 139 measures of, 139 needs, estimation of, 142 see also Calories; Food energy Energy balance animal studies of, 145, 146-147 body fat and, 153 body weight and, 139, 144-145, 153 clinical data on, 144-145, 146 defined, 139 in elderly people, 147-148 energy expenditure-storage relationship, 145-147, 153 epidemiologic data on, 144, 145-146, 153 measurement of body fat and, 143-144 metabolic mechanisms in, 143 obesity and, 10, 567-568, 655, 659 during pregnancy and lactation, 139, 147 in rapid growth periods, 147 Energy expenditure age and, 146 animal studies of, 143, 146-147, 151-152, 1S3 atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and, 151-152 cancer and, 152-lS3 for carbohydrate storage as fat, 140, IS1, 221 CHD and, 10, 153, 659 clinical data on, 146, 151, 152 components of, 141-142 diabetes mellitus and, 152, 153 energy intake and, 140 epidemiologic data on, 145-146, 151, 152-~53 factors influencing, 142-143, 153 for fat storage, 140, 151, 221, 671 historical trends in, 142 measurement of ~ 141, 142 net energy stores and, 145-147
From page 725...
... 85-87, 93 see also Specifi` enzymes Epidemiologic evidence, studies, and cohorts Albany Study of New York civil servants, 444 alcohol consumption, 436, 437-439 aluminum, 387-388 Alzheimer's disease, 387-388 arsenic, 391, 392 Ashkenazi Jews, 94 atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, 148, 151, 163-171, 192-194, 197-198, 227, 370, 376, 380' 381-382, 391, 422-423, 569-571 Benedictine and Trappist monks, 202 body fat distribution. 578 body weight fluctuations, 576-577 Bogalusa Heart Study.
From page 726...
... 660 bracken fens and 489 calcium and, 357, 594 cigarette smoking and, 437-438, 576, 594 country differences in incidence, 118 epidemiologic studies, 594 folacin and, 338 iron and, 368 magnesium and, 334-336, 594 niacin and, 334-336, S94 N-nitroso compounds and, 475, 594, 602 protective dietary components for, 8, 9, 313, 331-332, 341, 377, 594, 657 racial, ethnic, and migrant differences in, 118 riboflavin and, 334, 335, 341, 371, 594, 602 mortality rates, 118 trace elements and, 334-337, 371, 377, 386, 442, 594, 602 U.S. incidence rates, 1 18 vitamin A and, 313, 3t5, 331-332, 334, 371, 594, 658 vitamin C and, 331-332, 341, 3S7, 594 Essential amino acids animal studies of, 33 blocked catabolic pathway of, 86 dietary sources of, 15, 62, 259, 672 see also Protein; and specific amino acids Essential element, survey of intakes of, 43; see also Trace elements; and specific elements Essential fatty acids deficiencies in, 220 defined, lS9 sources of, 1S9, 226 see also Lineolic acid Essential nutrients cholesterol as, 225-226 choline, 216 see also other specific nutrients Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary intakes (ESADDI)
From page 727...
... 263, 656, 671 cancer and, 5, 7, 13, 54, 77, 153, 205-210, 215, 228-229, 600-601, 666, 668, 670, 671, 673, 693 CHD and, 5, 7, 31, 33, 54. 77, 80, 93, 102, 161, 278, 656, 668, 673 cholesterol intake from, 58, 222-223 clinical/metabolic studies of, 182-189, 211-213, 221 colorectal cancer and, 7, 77, 205, 206, 208-209, 21S, 303, 357, 656, 671 defined, 159 eicosanoid metabolism and, 190-192 energy expenditure in storage as triglycerides, 140, 221 energy intake from, 14, 139-140, 671 epidemiologic evidence on, 7, 178-181, 192-t94, 206-210, 220-221 fiber and, 77, 294 food composition data on, 27-28, 47-48 food sources of, 16, 18, 41, 55-58, 76, 160, 672 in foods eaten out, 76 gallbladder disease and, 7, 127, 217-220, 229, 300, 656 glucose tolerance and, 274 hemostasis and, 190-192 hydrogenation of, 57 hypertension and, 201-205 intake by children, health effects of, 14, 204, 222-227, 685 lipoprotein levels from, 178-192 liver disease and, 448 malabsorption of, 4S1 in meats from wild game, 41 mechanism of action of, 214 mineral contribution of, 74 monitoring status, 8t noncholesterol-containing, 128 obesity and, 7, 13, 14, 54, 144, 220-222, 229, 655, 656, 670, 671 plasma lipid and liproprotein levels from, 178-192 population differences in, 192 prostate cancer and, 7, 209, 6S6, 671 727 recommended levels of, 13, 14, 17-18, 81, 226, 669, 670-672, 675, 677-679, 682-683, 685, 686-688, 692-693 serum cholesterol levels and, 7, 178-192, 228, 656 semm triglycerides and, 148, 448 stroke and, 202 trends in, 15, 41, 54-55, 57, 81.
From page 728...
... 654-655 see also Historical food supply; and specific dietary components and foods Food use trends, estimation of, 24 Foods see also Carcinogens; Contaminants, environmental; Food additives; Nonnutrients; Nutrients; and specific foods and food groups Formulated meal replacements, 75 Fortification and enrichment of foods with B vitamins, 74 defined, 74 FDA guidelines for, 74-75 flour and grain products, 70, 74, 75, 368 fruit drinks, 67 with iron, 70, 74, 75 margarine, 74 milk, 64, 74, 312 nutritional status and, 75 public policy issues in, 94 purpose of, 75 standards for, 74 with vitamin A, 74, 75, 311 with vitamin C, 67, 75, 329, 654 with vitamin D, 64, 74, 312 Fowler's solution, 392 Framingham Offspring Study, 442 Framingham studies blood pressure data from, 109-1 10, 1 13 body fat distributions in, 578 cancer and serum cholesterol, 6B9, 692 CHD incidence in, 164, 165 CHD predictors in, 162, 166, 167, 170-171, 175, 279, 444, 445 congestive heart failure in, 113 coronary atherosclerosis in, 166 design of, 32 gallbladder disease incidence in, 127 hypertension risk factors in, 113, 442 intermittent claudication in, 175, 446 obesity and cancer in, 575 PAD findings in, 106, 107, t 13, 170 representativeness of data from, 692-693 serum cholesterol levels in, 163, 165-167, 175 sex differences in disease incidence in, 166 stroke incidence in, 104, 105, 113, 175, 442-443 triglyceride levels in, 170-171 weight of evidence from, 653 France
From page 729...
... 90 race/ethnicity and, 88 research needs on, 9S resting metabolic rate, 153 100-101 cholesterol intake, 58 dietary fat and cancer, 209 fiber intake, 62 mineral intakes, 69-70 vitamin intakes, 64-68 see also Population differences; and specific countries and U.S. states Glucose alcohol intake and formation of, 446 behavioral change and, 283 cariogenicity of, 280 food sources of, 273, 283 obesity and, 282 triglyceride levels and, 278 Glucose~alactose malabsorption, 86 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, 88 Glucose tolerance age and, 122 alcohol intake and, 446 body weight and, 148 carbohydrate intake and, 9, 274-277, 284, 385, 657, 658 diabetes and, 106, 122, 277, 284 energy intake and, 149 fat intake and, 274 fiber intake and, 9, 292, 299 food intake and, 148, 149 intermittent claudication and, 107 obesity and, 277 PAD and, 106, 107 physical activity and, 146, 151, 152, 153 protein intake and, 274 trace element intalce and, 381-383, 385-386, 515 Glutamic-6-pyn~vate transaminase, 120 Glutathione peroxidase, 375-376 Glycine, 261, 331, 423 Glycoalkaloids, 489 G}ycogen, 273, 446; see also Starches Glycosuria, 149-150, 277, 372 Gossypo1,-490 Gout, 386, 580; see also Arthritis Grains and grain products availability trends, 57, 81 contamination of, 665
From page 730...
... substances, 466 Greece and Greek Islands cancer in, 207, 208, 297, 467, 468 CHD in, 100, 164,445 serum cholesterol levels in, 163 Green peppers, 329 Groundnut oil, 202 Growth coffee and, 470 energy balance during periods of, 147 Growth disorders choline deficiency and, 216 in diabetics, 372 monitoring of children for, 44 Guanine, 441 Guanosine 5'-diphosphate, 146 Guar gum, 295, 298, 299, 301, 302 Gums, 62, 295; see also specific gums H Ham, 56, 72, 421, 475 Hamburgers, 56 Hawaii cancer in, 119, 207, 209, 212, 313, 332, 384, 438, 467 CHD in, 102, 164, 279 dental canes in, 128 diabetes mellitus in, 123, 149, 276 gallbladder disease and gallstones in, 126 hypertension in, 355 obesity and overweight in, 11~115, 149 serum cholesterol levels in, 163 stroke in, lW-105, 262 HDL, see High~ensity lipoproteins HDL cholesterol alcohol intake and, 443 atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and, 117 at birth, 224 body weight and, 146, 148 carbohydrates and, 276, 278 CHD risk and, 151, 166-168, 169, 177-178,224' 376 cholesterol intake and, 199-200, 223 fiber and, 294, 295, 300, 302 food sources of, 187 individual differences in, 166-168 lecithin and, 217 MUFAs and, 8, 184, 228, 657 obesity and' 146 population differences in, 166, 177-178 PUFAs and,8,188, 189, 227, 6S7 serum cholesterol and, 181, 185, 198 INDEX Histidine, 259, 331 Histoncal food supply (USDA) data gathering for, 42 nutrients and food constituents reported in, 47, 273-274, 347-348 nutritive value calculations, 42 per-capita use estimation, 42 uses of data from, 44 HLA, see Tissue histocompatability antigen Hodgkin's disease, 337, 377, 483 Homeostasis.
From page 731...
... 176, 183 sterol excretion and, 188 trace elements and, 380 treatment of, 217 see also Familial hypercholesterolemia Hyperglycemia, 149-150, 275-277, 299-300, 382, 383, 446 Hyperinsulinemia, 277, 300 Hyperkeratosis, 335 Hyperl~pidemia alcohol intake and, 443-444 animal studies of, 295-296 carbohydrates and, 277 clinical and metabolic studies of, 295, 533 CHO and, 6, 171, 533 dietary cholesterol and, 200 epidemiologic studies of, 294-295 fiber intake and, 294-296 genetic and familial factors in, 86, 88-89, 93, 94, 168, 668 postprandial, 443 triglyceride levels and, 171, 443 see also Familial combined hyperlipidemia Hyperlipoproteinemia, biologic markers for, 170 Hyperparathyroidism, 354, 355, 358, 360 Hyperphagia, 145, 221-222, 276 Hyperactivity, carbohydrates and, 283 Hypertension age and, 108, 109-111, 202, 660 alcohol intake and, 10, 16, 108, 415, 420, 442-443, 552, 660, 673, 681 angiotensin-salt, 418 animal studies of, 33, 204-205, 262, 340, 356, 359, 375, 390, 394, 417-418, 553 atherosclerosis and, 176 atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and, 107, 112-113, 415, 549 blood pressure levels, 107, 415 body fat distribution and, 16, 144, 659 731 body weighs end, 10, 16, 108, 112.420, 550, 659, 673 borderline, 107, 415, 417, 549 cadmium and, 389-390, 515, 552, 553 calcium and, 17, 355-356, 360.
From page 732...
... 299.301 genetic factors in, 89, 122 sex differences in, 123 trace elements and, 386 see also Diabetes mellitus; Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus insulin metabolism adiposity and, 143,149, 152 alcohol intake and, 446 body weight and, 148, 150, 152 carbohydrate intake and, 9, 149,275, 277, 284, 6S7, 658 energy expenditure and, 142, 143 energy intake and, 150 fiber intake and, 292, 299,302 food intake and, 148,149,276 physical exercise and, 146, 151. 152 trace element intake and, 382.
From page 733...
... 469 Italy alcoholic cirrhosis in, 12S cancer in, 118, 207, 313, 468, 480 CHD in, 100-101, 164 hypertension in, 442 plasma lipidllipoproteins and fat intake levels in, 179-180 serum cholesterol levels in, 163 J Jamaica, osteoporosis in, 352 Japan alcoholic cirrhosis in, 12S cancer in, 118, 212, 263, 313, 389, 392, 421, 438, 467, 475, 488, 4%9 CHD in, 100-101, 102. 104, 164, 44S dental canes in, 127, 279 dietary recommendations in, 683, 687-688 diabetes mellitus in, 123, 149, 276 diverticulosis in, 300 gallbladder disease and gallstones in, 126, 127, 218, 300 hyperlipidemia in, 443 hypertension in, 104, 108, 340, 389 Minamata disease in, 391 neurological disorders in, 387 obesity and overweight in, 114-115, 149 osteoporosis in, 352 plasma lipid/lipoproteins and fat intake levels in, 180 serum cholesterol levels in, 163, 166 stroke in, 103, 104, 105 Jaundice, 320, 339 733 Joint Nutrition Monitoring Evaluation Committee, 44, 62.
From page 734...
... 13-15, 18, 54, 62, 65, 66, 72, 74, 2S9, 260, 273, 293, 295, 310, 490, 670-672, 678; see also Dried beans, peas, nuts, and soybeans Lettuce, 208, 297, 490 Leucine, 259 Leucotrienes, 214 Leukemias, 117-118, 150 Leukopenia. 315 Lignin, 291-293, 301 Linoleic acid in adipose tissue, 203 availability trends, 54, S5, 654 blood pressure and, 202, 204, 205 cancer and, 208, 213, 227 data sources on availability of, 47 food sources of, 55, 56, 184, 213-214, 223 hydrogenation of, 186 infant requirements for, 226 intake trends, 56, 160 bans isomers of, 187 protective effects of, 208, 227-228 recommended intake of, 672 structure of, 159, 184 see also m-6 Polyunsaturated fatty acids a-Linolenic acid, 159, 204 lNDE-X Linseed oil, 204 Lipids and lipoproteins (dietary)
From page 735...
... 349, 359 RDA, 48, 70 safety index, 518 Maize, 280 Malnutrition alcoholism and 448, 450 blood pressure and, 261 energy intake and, 139 liver disease and, 448 see also Nutritional inadequacies and deficiencies Malonaldehyde, 378 Malondialdehyde, 177, 190 Maltose, 273 Manganese Alzheimer's disease and, 386 animal studies of, 385-386 biologic role of, 385, 386 cancer and, 380, 381, 385 CHD and, 386 clinical studies of, 385 data sources on availability in food supply, 47 diabetes and, 385-386 epidemiologic studies of, 385 ESADDI, 48, 385 food sources of, 385 mutagenicity of, 385 nutritional status, 74 short-term tests of, 385 toxicity, 385 Mania, 217-218 Maple syrup, 273 Marganne, 55-S8, 64, 74, 75, 80, 160, 186, 187, 196, 480 Market Research Corporation of America, 466 Maryland cancer in, 313 CHD in, 102 Massachusetts cancer in, 313 CHD in, 102, 445 obesity and overweight in, 115 see also Framingham Study Mayonnaise, 56, 58 Meat loaf, 56 Meat, poultry, and fish group availability trends, 57 intake trends, 54, 65-66, 654 nutrient contribution of, 54, 56, 5g, 63, 6S-66, 70, 7l, 74, 160, 260, 330, 331, 349, 368 recommended intakes of, 18, 670 Meats and meat products atherosclerosis and, 161, 658-659 cancer and, 208, 209, 263, 264, 303, 659, 673 cholesterol intake from, 161 CHD and, 15-16, 192, 673 contaminants in, 391 creatinine excretion, 28 cured, 72, 475 fat content of, 13, 16, 41, 56, 159, 161, 179, 671 fortification of, 75 in frozen and canned entrees and dinners, 72 intake trends, 76 mineral content of, 14, 70, 71, 77 processed, 76 protein intake from, 15-16, 41, 62, 259 recommended intakes of, 13, 16, 18. 670, 675, 681 soybean analogs of, 42 stroke and, 193 vitamin content of, 65, 33!
From page 736...
... 149 plasma lipids/lipoproteins and fat intake by, 179-181 serum cholesterol levels in, 163, 164' 178, 180, 181 strokes in, 104-105 see also Population differences Milk and milk products atherosclerosis and, 161 availability trends, 57, 60, 61, 69, 160 blood pressure and, 261, 355 CHID and, 192 contamination of, 392, 479, 489, 665 fortification of, 64, 74, 75, 312 intake trends, 54, 56, 60, 80, 466, 564 lactose malabsorption from, 91-92 low-fat, 18, 56, 57, 69, 160 malted milk, 273 nutrient contribution of, 18, 43, 57, 64, 65,67,69,70,73,74,92, 159, 161, 223, 259, 273, 311, 330, 331, 349, 357, 310, 417, 675 powdered, 392 recommended intake of, 670, 675 skim milk, 18, 69, 160, 299, 311, 675 stroke and, 194 whole milk, 18, 56, 57, 61, 64, 80, 160, 207, 31 1, 654, 670, 675 see also Dairy products; Infant formulas Milk fat, 159 Minerals, dietary fiber and bioavailability of, 301; see also specific minerals Minnesota cancer in, 297, 313 diabetes mellitus in, 123 hypertension in, 109 PAD in, 106 stroke in, 103, 104 Misclassification in case-control studies, 31, 193 of disease severity, 193 of exposure, 30, 31, 32, 193 in longitudinal (cohort) studies, 32, 193 in observational studies, effects, 30, 31, 32 of respondents in dietary recall methods, 27 systematic, 30 Mississippi, CHD in, 102 Mitomycin E, 333 Mitrifonate, 477 Molasses' 273 Molybdenum animal studies of, 386-397 biologic role of, 386 cancer and, 335, 386-387 dental caries and, 387 epidemiologic studies of, 386 ESADDI, 48, 386 excess intakes of, 386 interaction with other trace elements, 386 supplementation, 386 Monitoring priorities, 62, 63; see also specific dietary components Monosaccharides, 5S, 208, 273.
From page 737...
... 116-117 testing of pesticides for contribution to, 43 vitamin B6 deficiency and, 516 see also specific disorders Netherlands cancer in, 377 CHD in, 100-101, 164, 295, 376, 445 dietary recommendations in, 681, 686, 693 energy expenditure during preganancy in, 147 hypertension in, 355 obesity and overweight in, 114-115 serum cholesterol levels in, 163, 199 Neuropathy, 124 Nevada,CHDin, 102 New Jersey, cancer in, 313 New Mexico, cancer in, 313 New York alcoholic cirrhosis in, 447 cancer in 296-298, 357 New Zealand bone fracture in, 121 cancer in, 119, 296, 483 dietary recommendations in, 681, 686 CHD in, 100-101, 102 hypertension in, 442 NFCS, see Nationwide Food Consumption Survey NtlANES, see National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys Niacin animal studies of, 336 availability trends, 53, 66, 75 cancer and, 334-336 biologic role of, 330 data sources on availability of, 47-48 food sources of, 66, 330 fortification of foods with, 75 human studies of, 336 intake trends, 66, 77-79, 81, 330 liver disease and, 336 monitoring status, 63, 66, 81, 331
From page 738...
... incidence of, 122 see also Diabetes mellitus; Insulin~ependent diabetes mellitus Nonnutritive dietary components, food safety laws for, 465-466; see also Coffee and tea; Food additives; Nonnutritive sweeteners; and other specific nonnutritive substances Nonnutritive sweeteners animal studies of, 472,473-474 aspartame, 473-474 cancer and, 471-474 cyclamate, 472-473 epidemiologic studies of, 471-472 evidence of chronic disease from, 471-474 occurrence of and exposure to, 471 phenylketonuria and, 474 recommended intakes of, 680 reproductive effects of, 473 saccharin' 471-472 short-term studies of, 472, 473-474 weight reduction with, 474 Noodle dishes, 72-73 Norepinephrine, 149 North Carolina, calcium intake and bone mass in, 352 Norway cancer in, 118, 313, 438, 467, 468 CHD in, 100-101, 164 dietary recommendations in, 682, 686 hyperlipidemia in, 443 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 144 Nutnent densities expression of, 148 foods eaten away from home, 75-76 SFAs, 208 vegetarian diets, 7~77, 78 Nutrient labeling, 43, 474 Nutnents added during food preparation, 25 analytical data available for, 48 determinants of physiological requirements for, 4 genetic variability and responsiveness to, 95 individual differences in requirements for, 49 interactions of, 6 reported by national studies, 47 see also specific nutrients Nutrition biologic processes in, 85, 86, 94; see also Absorption; Excretion; Metabolism; Receptor action factors influencing, 31, 94 gene product variation and, 85-86, 93, 94 Nutrition monitoring Coordinated State Surveillance System, 44 National Nutntion Monitoring System, 44 see also National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys; Nationwide Food Consumption Surveys Nutrition research animal studies in, 33-34 controlling diet in, 32 links to agricultural research, 28 see also specific studies Nutritional inadequacies and deficiencies alcohol intalce and, 1O$ 16, 434, 441-442, 448-449, 450-451, 634, 660, 673 carcinogenic effects of, 441 in children, 225 groups at risk of, 81 liver injury and, 448-449 nervous system disorders and, 450-451 pattern of development, 49 impact of dietary recommendations on, 695-696 sample size needed for detection in populations, 49 see also specific nutrients Nutritional status age and, 51 biochemical assessment of, So, 51 defined, 49 dietary intalce trends and, 41-82 dietary supplementation and, 513-514 energy expenditure and, 153 food fortification and, 74-75 national surveys of dietary intalce and, 42-52, 75 problems in assessing, 49-51, 81 supplement use and, 513-514 see also specific nutrients Nuts availability trends, 57 intake trends, 54, 76 nutrients in, 62, 64, 66, 67, 70-72, 259, 312, 370, 381 o Oat bran, 278, 292, 295, 658 Oat gum, 295, 302 Oatmeal, cooked, 73 Obesity age and, 115, 116, 144 alcohol intake and, 144, 436-437 animal models of, 276-277 animal studies of, 7, 91, 143, 145, 140147, 221-222, 281-282, 574, 516, 577, 582 atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and, 10, 117, 221, 569-572, 676 blood pressure and, 112, 415, 420, 577 body fat distribution and, 565, 566, 568, 577, 578, 676 body mass index and, 90, 114, 564-566, 569, 570 body weight and, 144, 146, 567, 57S5end577, 659 bone, joint, and skin disorders, 580, 659 brown adipose tissue and, 147 cancer and, 10, 117, 221, 571, 575-576, 659, 676 carbohydrates and, 9, 277, 281-282, 284, 567, 658 cardiac function and, 569, 578-579
From page 739...
... fat/fatness; Body weight; Overweight Observational studies blood pressure, 201-202 cancer, 210 of children, 225 CHD, 533-534 compared to experimental studies, 36 criteria for evaluating, 28-29 disease incidence and prevalence assessment in, 29-30 misclassification in, 29, 30 problems common to, 29-32 serum or plasma lipids/lipoproteins, 188, 210, 225, 533-534 weight given to, 36 see also Case-control studies; Dietary intake; Longitudinal (cohort) studies Obstructive atherothrombotic disease, 106 Occupational factors and exposures in cancer, 12, 36S, 371, 380-381, 382, 389, 391-393, 479-480, 483-484 in CHD, 102-103 environmental contaminants, 479-480 ethanol, 437 in hypertension, 112, 394 pesticides, 483-484 trace element toxicity and, 385, 388, 389, 390 ~rans-Octadecanoic acid, 58 Oils availability trends, 57, 80 cholesterol intake from, 58 nutrient contributions of, 64, 159, 160 hydrogenation of, 57, 58, 160 recommended intake of, 13, 18, 670 vitamin composition of, 64 see also Salad and cooking oils; Vegetables fats and oils; and specific oils Oklahoma, CHD in, 102 Oleic acid availability trends, 54, 654 cancer and, 207, 209, 213 data sources on availability of, 47 food sources of, 55, 184, 213 hydrogenation of oils rich in, 186 intake trends, 56 serum cholesterol-lowering poperties, 184, 228 structure of, 159 Olive oil, 13, 179, 182, 184, 213, 2t4, 671 Olives, 72 Onions, 297 Oranges, 73 Oregon, arsenic contamination of well water in, 391 Orientals, skin reaction to alcohol, 88, 93; see also Asian Americans; Asian Indians Organ culture, hamster trachea system, 316 Organ meats, 13, 388, 671 Ornithine transcarbamylasc deficiency, 86 Oropharyngeal cancer, 10, 313, 319, 334, 377, 441, 437, 660 Osteoarthritis, 16.
From page 740...
... 599 genetic or familial factors in, 120 obesity and, 1 17, 575 other cancers associated with, 1 18, 120, 599 population differences in, 120. 599 protein and, 264 socioeconomic status and, 120, 599 trace elements and, 377, 380 vitamin B,2 and, 339 Overweight atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, 117 body fat and, 146 among children, 44 clinical studies of, 152 cross-sectional studies of, 144 defined, 114 food intake and, 144 glucose tolerance and, 152 other cancers associated with, 120 physical exercise and, 16, 146, 152 prevalence of, 1 14, 655 sex differences in, 144 see also Obesity Oxyphenbutazone, 322 Oysters, 71, 370 p Pacific Islanders cancerin, 119 CHD in, 102 diabetes in, 299 neurological disorders in, 387 obesity in, 90 PAD, see Peripheral arterial disease Palatibility, 159, 186 Palm oils, 13, 159, 184,205, 670 Palmitic acid, 13, 183,184, 186,189,227, 670 Pancreatic cancer alcohol intake and, 10, 438,597, 660 carbohydrates and, 282 cigarette smoking and, 597 coffee and tea and, 468, 597 diagnosis of, 119 epidemiologic studies of, 263-264,438, 46% fat intake and, 213, 229, 600 incidence, 597 meat consumption and, 597 niacin and, 336 population differences in, 119 protective dietary components for, 9, 215, 315, 322, 377 protein intake and, 263-264 race differences in, I t9 sex differences in, 119 socioeconomic status and, 119 trace elements and, 368, 380 U.S.
From page 741...
... 164 blood pressure, 108 cancer occurrence, 117- 120, 207, 209. 212 cardiovascular disease, 192-193, 197 CHD rates and risk, 100-101, 113, 164, 166, 168, 170 amonglwithin countries, see specific countries dental caries, 127 diabetes mellitus, 274-275, 276 dietary cholesterol intake, 197 fat intake and chronic disease, 192-193 gallbladder disease and gallstones, 126 genetic traits, 87-88 HDL cholesterol, 166 hypertension, 108 LDL cholesterol, 166 obesity, 114-115 osteoporosis, 121 plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels from fat intake, t78-181 serum cholesterol, 163-164 stroke frequency, 103-104 triglycerides, 170 VLDL cholesterol, 170 see also Epidemiologic evidence, studies, cohorts; Race or ethnicity; and specific countries Pork, 56, 57, 63, 65, 160 Portal cirrhosis, see Alcoholic cirrhosis Portugal alcoholic cirrhosis in, 125 cancer in, 384, 421 Potassium animal studies, 423 biologic role of, 421 blood pressure and, 202, 261, 355, 415, 418-419, 422-423, 424 CHD and, 422-423 data sources on availability in food supply, 47-48 epidemiologic studies, 422-423 ESADD1, 48, 73 food sources of, 15, 73, 672 hypertension and, 202, 415, 418-419, 422-423, 424 intake trends, 73, 421-422 magnesium deficiency and, 358 nutritional status, 73 protective effects of, 422, 424 recommended intakes of, 681 stroke and, 11, 15, 422-242, 660-661, 672 Potatoes availability trends, 81 cancer and, 282, 296 fresh, S7 fried, S6 intake trends, 56, 57.
From page 742...
... 448. 450 animal studies of, 33, 261, 262, 264, 265 atherosclerosis and, 261, 262, 265, 658-659, 672 availability trends, 53, 80, 259-260, 654 biologic marker of, 27, 28 biologic role of, 259 blood pressure and, 261-262, 355 body mass index and, 281 calcium balance and, 9, 16, 264-265, 354, 659, 673 cancer and, 9, 108, 109, 263-264, 299, 336, 659, 673 CHD and, 9, 15-16, 260-261, 673 clinical studies of, 260-261, 262, 264-265, 618 composition of, 15, 259, 672 correlation with fat intake, 260, 263, 673 data sources on availability of, 27-28, 46-48, 51, 81, 259-260 dental caries and, 281 energy expenditure for storage as fat, 140, 151 energy intake from, 139-140 epidemiologic studies of, 260, 261-262, 263-265, 618 food sources of, 9, 18, 41, 55, 62-63, 76, 92, 259-260, 672, 675, 696 gallbladder disease and, 127 glucose tolerance and, 274 hormonal status and, 264 hypercholesterolemia and, 261, 265 hypertension and, 261-262, 659 intake trends, 15, 41, 54, 62-63, 7~79, 81, 142, 259-260, 673, 696 lipoprotein levels and, 260-261 malnutrition, 450 monitoring status, 81 nutritional value of, 259 osteoporosis and, 9, 264-265, 354, 618, 659 protective effects of, 281 RDA, 15, 62 recommended intakes of, 15-16, 17-18, 672-673, 675, 679, 680 renal disease (chronic)
From page 743...
... alcohol intake and, 447 animal studies of, 265 cadmium and, 390 choline deficiency and, 216 clinical studies of, 265, 394-395 diabetes mellitus and, 124 epidemiologic studies of, 265, 394-395 glomerular sclerosis, 265, 277-278 high blood pressure and, 107, 418 lead and, 394-395 protein intake and, 265 triglycerides and. 171 vitamin D and, 318 Renin-angiotensin system, 205, 447 Reproductive effects coffee and tea, 470-471 cyclamate, 473 pesticides, 484-485 see also Pregnancy and lactation Research needs alcohol and alcoholism, 95, 447, 453, S42, 556, 704, 70S, 706 alcoholic cirrhosis, 635 amino acids, 266, 705 animal studies, 303, 541 apolipoproteins, 89 atherosclerosis, 541-542, 703, 705 atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, 229-230, 303, 360, 395, 541-542, 705 B vitamins, 341, 70S biologic markers of exposure, 21, 704 705, 706 blood pressure, 95, 360, 424-425, 556, 704 body mass determinants, 154, 703 BHA and 13HT, 492 breast cancer, 703, 705, 706 calcium, 360, 556, 622, 7W, 705 cancer, 21, 230, 284, 322-323, 341, 395-396, 492-493, 604-605, 703, 704, 705, 706 carbohydrates, 154, 284, 303, 542, 630, 644, 703, 704, 705 carcinogens, 492-493, 704, 705 ,8-carotene and carotenoids, 322-323, 704, 706 CHD, 284~ 541-542, 630, 703, 705 children, 425 chloride, 425, 704, 705 clinical and metabolic studies, 21.
From page 744...
... 706 supplementation, 360, 520, 706 sweeteners, 81, 704 taste and olfaction' 95 thermogenesis, 146 c'-tocopherol, 323, 704 trace elements, 395-396, 705 vitamin Be, 63, 66, 81, 331 vitamin C 341, 704, 705 vitamin D, 704 vitamin E, 323, 704, 705 zinc, 72, 74, 81,396, 705 Respiratory tract cancer, see Lung cancer; arid other specific cancers Resting metabolic rate, 141, 142, 146, 153; see also Energy expenditure; Energy intake Retinol and other retinoids alcohol intake and, 441, 451 animal studies of, 31 5-31 6 cancer and, 9, 315-316, 319, 322, 334, 377,441, 658 deficiency diseases, 316 human studies of, 315 in vitro assays, 316 mechanisms of action, 316 protective effects of, 9 toxicity, 516 see also Vitamin A Retinopathy, 277 Retrolental fibroplasia, 320 Retrospective life insurance studies, 569-570 Rhubarb, 489-490 Riboflavin alcohol intake and, 335,441,450 animal studies of, 335-336 availability trends, 53, 65, 75 biologic roles of, 330 cancer and, 334, 335, 336, 341,371, 441,658 data sources on availability of, 47-48 deficiency, 334, 336 food sources of, 65, 92, 330 fortification of foods with, 75 human studies of, 334-335 intake trends, 65, 77-79, 81, 330 liver disease and, 335-336 mechanisms of action in disease, 335 monitoring status, 63, 65, 81, 331 INDEX RDA.48.65, 330 safety index, 518 Rice, 76, 279, 300, 420 Rickets.
From page 745...
... 178-181, 195, 445 predictive equations for, 180, 182, 184, 198-199, 533 protein intake and, 260. 261, 265 PUFA intake and, 18, 184-186, 194, 195 SEA intake and, 7-8, 13, 162, 178-179, 182-187, 195, 225~ 227, 228, 656, 666, 670 stroke and, 18, 175, 693-694 trace elements and, 370, 382, 515 transport of, 162 vegetarianism and, 8, 264, 294 vitamin C and, 333, 515 see also Dietary cholesterol; HDL cholesterol; LDL cholesterol Serum or plasma lipids and lipoproteins age and, 224 animal studies of, 189 apolipoproteins and, 168 atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and, 163-178, 223-224 body weight and, 148 cell receptors for, 103 childhood arterial lesions and, 223-224 in children, 223-225 dietary cholesterol and, 197 dietary intakes and, 224, 225; see also specific foods and nutrients dietary phospholipids and transport of, 217 ecological associations, 224 familial associations, 224 fat intake and, 93, 178-192 fish oils and, 185 functions and transport mechanisms, 160, 162-163, 217 lowering of, 172 macrophage interaction with, 176 observational studies of diet and, 225 peripheral vascular diseases and, 175 sex and, 224 stroke and, 175-176 trace element intake and, 515 tracking of, 224-225 Sesquiterpene lactone, 490 Seventh-Day Adventists cancer in, 209, 2lO, 212, 263.
From page 746...
... 180, 450 Snack foods carbohydrates in, 76 dental caries and, 280 fats in, 76 fortification of, 74 intake trends, 76 introduction of, 42 protein in, 76 sodium in, 73 Socioeconomic status alcohol intake and, 62 alcoholic cirrhosis and, 125 cancer end, 118-120 carbohydrate intake and, 59, 274 275 cholesterol intake and, 58, 161 CHD and, 101, 102-103 dental caries and, 128 diabetes mellitus and, 123, 275 dietary intake and, 41, 80, 81, 180-181 endometrial cancer and, 120 fetal alcohol syndrome and, 449 hypertension and, 1 12, 555 LDL cholesterol and, 224 meat intake and, 63 mineral intake and, 70-71 obesity and, 90, 116 osteoporosis and, 122 serum cholesterol levels and, 179, 180-181 vitamin intake and, 64-69. 312, 331 Sodium alcohol intake and.
From page 747...
... adaptive, 141-142 adiposity and, 152 alcohol intake and, 436 of carbohydrates, fats, and protein, 141, 143 defined, 141 food intake and, 146 metabolic efficiency and, 152 NIDDM and, 152 Thiamin alcoholism and, 334, 449, 450 availability trends, 53, 65, 75 biologic role of, 329-330 cancer and, 334 data sources on availability of, 47-48 deficiency, 334, 449 food sources of, 65, 330 fortification of foods with, 75 human studies of, 334 intake trends, 6S, 77-79, 81, 330 monitoring status, 63, 65, 81, 331 RDA, 48, 65, 330 safety index, 518 supplementation, 449 Third World countnes, dental caries in, 127 Threonine, 259 Thrombosis, 104, 105, 161, 190 Thromboxane, 190, 214, 376 Thymidine, 337 Thymidylate, 331 Thyroid cancer, 380, 383-384, 477 Thyroxin, 142, 384 Tissue histocompatability antigen (HLA)
From page 748...
... 514, 516 toxicity, ~ 1, 516 see also ,B-Carotenes and other carotenoids; Retinal and other retinoids Vitamin B', see Thiamin Vitamin B2, see Riboflavin Vitamin B.<, alcohol intake and, 441, 450 animal studies of, 337, 338 availability trends, 53, 66 biologic role of. 330, 337, 441 cancer and, 337, 441 data sources on availability of, 47-48 food sources of, 66, 331 human studies of, 337-338 intake trends, 66, 76-79, 81, 330-331 liver disease and, 337 nutritional status, 76, 331 populations at risk of deficiencies in, 76, 331 RDA, 48, 66, 330 research needs on, 63, 66, 81 safety index, 518 toxicity, 516, 5 18 Vitamin B,2 availability trends, 53, 67 biologic role of, 216, 331 cancer and, 338, 341, 358 data sources on availability of, 47-48 defective absorption of, 88 deficiencies, 216 food sources of, 67, 331 intake trends, 67, 77-79, 81, 331 monitoring status, 81 nutritional status, 67 RDA, 48, 67 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
From page 749...
... 550 cirrhosis definition, 124 Global Oral Epidemiology Bank, 127 X Xanthomas, 171, 201 Xeroderma pigmentosum, 91 Xerophthalmia, 316, 451 Xylitol, 279 y Yanomami Indians, 414, 41S Yeast, 476 Yemenite Jews diabetes mellitus in, 123 plasma lipids/lipoproteins and fat intake by, 180-181 Yogurt, 18, 69, 76, 207, 370, 675 Yugoslavia bone fracture in, 351-352 cancer in, 421 CHD in, 100-101 serum cholesterol levels in, 163 Yusho disease, 479 z Zambia, dental caries in, 127 Zinc alcohol intake and, 442, 450, 451 animal studies, 371-372 atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and, 370 availability trends, 53, 71 bioavailability of, 71-72, 301, 301, 370 biologic role of, 370 cancer and, 334-336, 370-372, 380, 442, 514 CHD and, 370, 380, S1S clinical studies, 370-371 data sources on availability, 47-48, 51 deficiency, 336, 4S0 diabetes mellitus and, 372 epidemiologic studies, 370-371 food sources of, 71-72, 370 HDL cholesterol and, 370 hypertension and, 370, 390, 394 immunocompetence and, 372. 395, 517 intake trends, 71-72, 81 interaction with other trace elements, 370,371,373,379,380,390,515 mutagenicity, 372 nutritional status, 72, 370 occupational exposures, 371 osteoarthritis and, 373 osteoporosis and, 372-373 RDA, 48, 71, 370 safety index, 518 serum cholesterol and, 261, 370, 51S short-term tests of, 372 supplements, 370, 373, 514, 515 toxicity, 517, 518 Zucchini, 297


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