In the Light of Evolution Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction (2008) / Chapter Skim
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From page 395... ...
Index A Amazon Basin area, 108, 113 Acanthocephalans, 2, 64, 68, 69, 72, 80 mammalian species, 265 Acidobacteria, 129-143, 144-146 plant species, 113, 117 Ackerly, David, 254 Amazon River, 15 Actinomycetes, 157 Amazonian tree diversity Adenostoma, 254 Brazillian portion, 107, 108, 112, 113-114, Adopt-A-Park Volunteer Program, 327 115, 117, 118-124, 338 Adriatic Sea, 11, 15 deforestation scenarios, 84, 107-108, Africa 118-123 clade disjunctions, 256 extinction risk, 84, 107, 118-123 deforestation, 298 Fisher's logseries predictions, 109, 110, diversity peak, 267 111, 112-113, 124 extinctions, 30, 230, 236 neutral biodiversity theory applied to, Agriculture 83, 107, 110-112 and extinctions, xvi number and abundance of species, 84, nutrient pollution from, 11-12, 15, 23, 107, 108-109, 111, 112-114, 119, 121, 24, 43, 332 122, 124 subsidy and tax policies, 25 Peruvian portion, 112, 330 sustainable, 307 Preston's lognormal predictions, 109, Alainosquillidae, 49 110, 111, 112 Alaska, 39, 196, 230 range sizes, 107, 108, 111, 114-118, 119, Algal blooms, toxic, 16, 23, 24 120, 121 Alismatales, 250 rare species, 84, 107, 108, 110, 114, 117, Allison, Steven D., 84, 149-166 121, 123, 124 alpha-Proteobacteria, 157 species–area relationship, 113 Alroy, John, 168, 207-225 American bullfrog (Rana catesbieana) , 42 Alseis blackiana, 116 American Cetacean Society, 325 395
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See also Indo-Australian climate change and, 2, 30, 38-41, 42, 44 Archipelago conservation, 35, 36, 42 amphibian populations, 2, 32, 37, 38 current extinction spasm, 2, 28, 30, 37, butterfly declines, 322 40, 42, 43-44, 331 fishery collapse, 11 diversity geographically, 31, 32, 34, 43, human impacts, 233, 269 266 marsupials, 203 habitat modification, 2, 30, 37, 40, 41, 42 mass extinctions, 229, 230, 231-232, 233, invasive species and, 35, 42 269 new species, 40-41, 42, 43 megafauna biomass, 239 number of recognized species, 31, 42, 68 parks and preserves, 336 parasites, 68, 72 phytoplankton pigment concentration, pollution and, 30-31, 35, 332 50 Rana of Sierra Nevada, 33-37 Aves. See Birds survival of mass extinctions, 2, 28-29, Avise, John C., iv, xiii-xiv, 244, 281-296 30, 43 Ayala, Francisco J., xiii-xiv threatened and endangered species, 27, Ayala, Hana, 290 30-33, 34, 41-43, 72 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II, 144 Angiosperms B classification, 248 Back to Natives program, 326 elevational diversity gradients, 127-147 Bacterial communities Annelida, 66 abiotic filtering, 133, 134, 156 Apicomplexa/Microspora, 66 ecosystem services, 150 Aquaculture, 11, 23, 24, 25 elevational diversity gradients in soil Aquarium of the Pacific, 327 communities, 127-147 Arborescent lycopsids, 182 Baltic Sea, 15 Archaea, 150, 156, 287 Baltica continental plate, 199 Archaeocyathids, 179 Barbados, coral reefs, 19 Architectural diversity, 171, 179-180, 182, Barnosky, Anthony D., 168-169, 227-241 183, 184, 186-187 Barro Colorado Island, 115, 116, 117 Arctostaphylos, 254 Bartlett, Troy, 320-321 Artiodactyls, 273 Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, 35-36, 38, Arthur M
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From page 397... ...
See also individual taxa and habitat loss, 205, 323 ecosystems introduced species, 99 benefits, xv, 150 island species, 91, 93-94, 101 center of origin hypothesis, 50-51 land species, 73-76 centers of, 45, 48 land-use changes and, 75-76 cradles of, 266, 267 marine species, 9 defined, xiii, 28 parasites, 68, 69, 73-75 economic importance, 307-308 pollution and, 332 energy/productivity hypothesis, 49-50 predation and, 93, 323 global estimates, 66 surveys, 321, 323, 324-325 gradients, 47-51, 69-70, 73-74, 75 Bivalve mollusks. See also specific bivalves hotspots, xvi, 2, 51-55, 253, 289, 290, 319 collapse of fisheries, 13 human impacts, 1-2, 330-335; see also recovery dynamics after K-T extinction, Habitat fragment and loss; Human 168, 199, 200, 201-203 population; Hunting; rudist, 175, 176, 179, 180, 185, 193, losses, xvi, 28, 88; see also Extinction; 196-197 Mass extinctions Black Sea, 24 network of interactions, 173, 186 Blastoids, 175, 184 number of species, 63, 64-69, 88 Blastozoans, 176 outlook for, xvi, 24, 260-261, 331-335 Bluegill sunfish, 295 saturation point, 93 Bobcat, 324 scientific efforts, xvi Body size Biodiversity genetics bivalve, 192, 194, 195 legacy biotas in Pleistocene Parks, 244, and ecosystem process rates, 164 281-282, 289-292 and endemism, 2, 45, 53, 54, 55-56, 57 public education applications, 244, 282, 58, 59, 60-61 293-296 and energy budget, 237 standardization of biological and extinction/speciation dynamics, 45, classification, 244, 281, 283-289 46, 49-50, 51, 54, 56, 59, 60-61, 168, Biodiversity Project, 300, 302 192, 194, 195, 196, 265, 271, 272, 273, Biofuel production, 335, 336 275 Biogeochemical cycling, 18, 24, 129, 153 and geographic range size, 57-60, 61, Biomass 194, 272 carrying capacity for megafauna, and habitat saturation, 55, 57 236-237 and hitchhiking effects, 196 crash, 227, 231-234 and life history patterns, 51, 55-58 domesticates, 232, 239-240 megafauna, 228-229, 237 estimating, 238-240 productivity and, 49, 53-54, 60-61, 229 fisheries, 8-10, 14, 16-17 and reproductive capacity, 55, 56, 59, human, 227, 231, 233, 234, 236, 237, 238 265 nonhuman megafauna, 227, 239 stomatopods, 45, 46, 48, 49-50, 51, 53, parasites, 81 54, 55-58, 59, 60-61 recovery after QME, 227, 234-236 terrain elevation and, 49-50, 54, 55, 60, tradeoffs, 168-169, 229, 233 61, 272 Biophilia, 306 Bohai Sea, 9, 13 Bioreactor models, 158 Bolitoglossini, 31, 40 Bird diversity Bolivia, 112 extinctions, 8, 9, 86, 88, 91, 93, 186, 197, Borda-De-Água, Luis, 107-125 205, 231 Brachiopods, 59, 175, 176, 179, 180, 183, 184, 199
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, 42 44 Captain Dave's Dolphin Safari, 323 and avian-parasite diversity, 75-76 Carbon, 18, 136, 137, 142, 146, 150, 154, 155, bolide impacts and, 28-29 157, 165, 183, 309, 329, 332, 335, 339 cloud line, 39 Carbon dioxide, 18, 154, 155, 157, 165, 332 and coral reefs, 21, 22, 23, 26, 46, 332 Carcharhinus spp., 9 El Niño conditions, 17, 38
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See Estuaries and coastal seas 339-340 Cocos (Keeling) Island, 94, 104, 106 Conservation International, 290 Cod, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 24 Continental shelves Colombia, 32, 38, 112 dead zones, 15-16, 23 Colorado, 129 eutrophication, 15, 23 Comores Islands, 52 exploitation, 12-14, 23 Competition fishery biomass, 9 and extinctions, 89, 91, 101, 186 habitat destruction, 14-15, 23 origination/extinction dynamics, 208, status, 23 211, 218, 222 Convergent evolution, 134, 253 and phylogenetic niche conservation, Coral reefs.
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See Infectious diseases Elkhorn coral (Acropora palmate) , 18, 19, 21 Diversification debt, 189, 198, 199 Enantiornithes, 197 Dobson, Andy, 2-3, 63-82 Encyclopedia of Life, 312, 343 Dobzhansky, Theodosius, xiii, xiv, 108 Endangered and threatened species Donoghue, Michael J., 243-244, 247-261 amphibians, 27, 30-33, 34, 41-43, 72 mammals, 236-237 Red List, 30, 72, 87-91, 100-101, 269, 272, E 277 East Africa, coral reefs, 20, 45 Endangered Species Habitat Restoration Easter Island, 104, 106 Day, 327 Echinoderms, 66, 181, 184 Endemism Echinoids, 176-177, 184, 197 Amazonian trees, 121, 124 Echiurida, 66 body size and, 2, 45, 53, 54, 55-56, 59, Ecospace, 177-179, 184 60-61 Ecosystem process models conservation of biogeographic centers, black box, 150, 151-154 51, 172-173, 278, 290 incorporating microbes, 149, 159-164 extinction/speciation dynanics and, 51, Ecosystem services, 64, 77-82, 123, 150, 151, 58, 60-61, 83, 91, 124 177, 307, 315, 339-340 hotspots, 2, 172, 266, 274, 290 Ecotourism, 336, 338-339, 343 life history patterns and, 55 Ecuador, iv, 39-40, 112, 113 local, 51-52 Ehrlich, Paul R., 245, 329-344 montane amphibians, 40 El Avila National Park, 331 plant diversity on islands, 83, 91 Elevational diversity gradients productivity and, 60-61 alpha-diversity, 130, 136, 146 reef stomatopods, 2, 45, 46, 47, 49, 51-55, analytical method, 144-146 57, 58, 59, 60-61 bacteria vs.
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From page 401... ...
See also Evolutionary impacts Bay of Fundy, 7-8 of extinctions; Mass extinctions; climate change and, 23 Origination/extinction dynamics; exploitation patterns globally, 8-11, 16, Spatial dynamics of extinctions; 23 specific correlates pollution, 11-12, 15, 21, 23, 25 background rates, 42, 58, 71, 120, 167, status, 23 173, 190, 195, 197, 202, 207, 209, 301 synergistic effects in, 12, 21 302, 331 Euphorbiaceae, 250 bulletproof species, 272, 273, 274, 275 Eurasia cascades, 209, 215 global warming trends, 39 debt, 83, 85, 97-98, 100, 198, 338 Quaternary Megafauna Extinction, 229, drivers, 87-91, 205, 269-271, 274-275 230, 231-232, 233, 234, 236, 239 episodic, 173, 174, 177 Europe field-of-bullets model, 270, 272 extinctions, 200 firing-line model, 270-271, 272-273 global warming trends, 39 forecasting, 86, 91, 98-99, 100, 270-272, species diversity, 259 274-276 Eutrophication, 11, 12, 15, 23, 24, 25, 309 habitat specialization and, 192, 273 Evolutionary fauna hypothesis, 212 hotspots, 2, 41 Evolutionary impacts of extinctions islands vs mainlands, 89, 101, 270, 274 analysis of mass extinctions, 167-168, IUCN analysis, 87-91, 100-101 171, 182-185 land-use changes and, 75-76, 269 architectural components, 171, 179-180, latent risk, 273-274, 277 182, 183, 184, 186-187 phylogenetic risk assessment, 272-273 behavioral and social complexity, 171, public understanding of, 301-302 180, 182-183, 184 rates, xvi, 42, 150, 167, 172, 208, 330-331 biogeographic structure and, 173 research gaps, 99-100 carrying capacities, 185-186, 236-237 resilience of ecosystems, 177 as conservation goal, 278-279 threat categories, 31, 33 developmental diversity, 171, 181-182, 183, 184, 185 ecospace, 177-179, 184 F food web structure, 178, 184 Facilitation, ecological, 130, 134, 253 functional diversity, 177-179, 183, 184 Feature diversity, 130 macroecological guild approach, Fish 177-178 armored, 182 metrics for loss of evolutionary history, freshwater, 91, 203 167, 171, 172-182 jawless, 28 morphologic disparity, 167, 171, 176 parasites, 69-70, 75 177, 181, 183-184, 185, 186, 333 Fisheries. See also individual species phylogenetic diversity, 171, 173, 174 biomass and catch data and modeling, 176, 183, 184, 186 8-10, 14, 16-17 productivity losses, 184, 185 changes in commercial species, 8 recovery from mass extinctions, 168, coral reefs, 10, 19, 20-21, 22, 23 171-172, 178, 185-186, 187 diseases, 21 scaling theory applied to, 178-179 endangered species, 21 sea level changes, 184-185
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, 7, 324, 178, 184, 215 325 Foraminifera, 18, 184, 185 Great Barrier Reef, 18-19, 102 Fossil Record 2 database, 208, 214 Great Rift Valley, 265 Friends of the Sea Lion, 326 Green, Jessica L., 84, 127-147 Fritz, Susanne A., 263-279 Green consumerism, 299 Frogs, 2, 27-28, 30-31, 33-39, 42-43 Green economies, 307 Functional diversity, 177-179, 183, 184, 197 Green turtle, 10, 21, 294 Functional redundancy in ecosystems, 149, Greengenes database, 143 152, 153, 154, 157-158, 165, 177 Grenyer, Richard, 263-279 Guianan Shield, 112 Gulf of Maine, 14 G Gulf of Mexico asteroid impact, 29 Gaines, Steven D., 83, 85-106 hypoxic zone, 15, 16 Gastropods, 59-60, 183, 184 species composition and abundance, 9, Genome, community metaphor, 294 12, 17 Gentianella, 259 toxic blooms of dinoflagellates, 16 Geographic range trawling and dredging, 15 Amazonian trees, 107, 108, 111, 114-118, Gyrodactyloidea, 69 119, 120, 121 body size and, 57-60, 61, 272, 273 clade-level distribution, 168, 189, 192, H 194, 196, 203, 204 determinants, 196, 197, 237, 266, 323-324 Habitat fragmentation and loss. See also and extinction risk, 58, 77, 194-195, 272, Deforestation 273 amphibians, 2, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 37, 40, hitchhiking effects, 189 41, 42, 43, 44 mammals, 266, 331 and avian diversity, 75-76, 77
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See also Reef He, Fangliang, 107-125 stomatopods Hechinger, Ryan F., 63-82 diversity patterns, 45, 47 Helminths, 2-3, 63, 64, 66-69, 72, 73-74, 77, endemism and hotspots, 2, 45, 46, 47, 78, 81-82 49, 51-55, 57, 58, 59, 60-61 Hemberger, Ron, 320-321, 324 explanations of diversity gradients, Hemichordata, 66 47-51 Heron Island, 94, 95, 102, 104, 106 live coral cover, 10, 18 Herrera, Carlos, 254 risk of collapse, 46 Heteromeles, 254 speciation/extinction dynamics, 58-60 Hippuritoida, 193, 196, 197 Indonesia, 47, 50, 52, 335 Holasteroids, 197 Industrial Revolution, xvi, 227, 235, 236, Holocene 237 climate change, 29-30, 230, 234, 235 Infectious diseases coral reefs, 19 chytridiomycosis in amphibians, 2, 35 extinctions, 30, 230, 234 37, 38, 39, 42, 44 Homo sapiens, 330 human, 23, 30, 44 Homoplasy, 248, 249, 250, 284, 285 and mammalian extinctions, 30 Horizontal gene transfer, 153, 156, 284 marine fauna, 21, 22, 23, 24, 46 Horsetails, 182 synergistic effects, 2, 39, 88, 101 Hubbell, Stephen P., 83-84, 107-125 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Human population Change, 39, 40, 75 biomass, 227, 231, 233, 234, 236, 237, 238 International Union for Conservation of density near coral reefs, 20, 46 Nature Red List IUCN, 30, 72, 87-91, displacement of biodiversity, 331 100-101, 269, 272, 277 energy/productivity dynamics, 169, Internet, conservation options, 311-312, 227, 228-229, 235-236, 237, 332 320-321, 324, 343-344
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From page 404... ...
404 / Index Invasive or introduced species colonization-based saturation, 86-87, and abundance patterns of native 93-97, 99 species, 99-100 elevation and, 93, 101, 102, 106 and amphibian declines 28, 35, 42, 43 extinction-based saturation, 86, 87, 93, colonization-based saturation, 86-87, 97-98, 99 93-97, 99 freshwater fish, 91 competitiveness, 201, 333 future of, 98-99 coral reefs, 23 human population size and, 93, 101, and ecosystem services, 81 102, 106, 230-231 extinction-based saturation, 86, 87, 93, invasion/extinction dynamics, 85-86, 97-98, 99 87, 89-97, 98, 99-103 and extinction debt, 83, 85, 97-98, 100 IUCN extinction analysis, 87-91, 100-101 and habitat loss, 100 land-bridge islands, 92 island extinction dynamics, 83, 85-86, latitude and, 101, 102, 106 87, 89-97, 98, 99-103 mammals, 91, 101, 266, 259, 270 latitudinal diversity gradient, 201-202 methods for analyzing, 100-103, 111 and mammalian diversity, 30, 269, 274, native species, 83, 85-87, 91-94, 96-99, 276 100, 101, 103, 106 marine ecosystem effects, 1, 5, 11, 12, 23 naturalized species, 85, 91-97, 99, 101, and mass extinctions, 220-221 102-103, 104-106 monitoring, 324 occupation history and, 101, 102, 106 and native species abundance, 100 oceanic islands, 92-93, 94, 95, 96, 97 naturalized, 85, 91-97, 99, 101, 102-103, plants, 85-87, 89, 91-100, 101, 104-106 104-106 settlement date and, 93, 101, 102, 106 pathogens, 88 Island biogeography theory, 86, 87 plants, 85, 86, 87, 91-100, 101 Isolation, and convergent ecological post-extinction spatial dynamics, 93, adaptation, 255-256 189-190, 191, 199-200, 201, 202-203, 204, 205 predation versus competition, 83, 86, J 89-91, 101, 333 Jablonski, David, 168, 189-206 predicting intensities of, 273 Jackson, Jeremy B C., 1, 5-26, 30, 44, 204, 315 propagule pressure, 60, 86, 97, 98, 99 Jamaica, coral reefs, 20, 330 rates of introduction, 99-100 Jellyfish, 5, 15 regulation, 98, 298 Jetz, Walter, 63-82 research gaps, 86, 99-100 Jones, Kate E., 263-279 resistance to, 202-203 saturation point, 83, 85, 87, 93-99 species–area relationships, 100 synergistic effects, 1, 5, 30, 88, 276 K Iowa State University, 320-321 Kangaroos, 295 IQ RESORTS, 290-291, 292 Karenia brevis, 16 Irish elk, 229 Kellner, James, 107-125 Island biodiversity Kelp forests, 5, 13 adaptations, 255 Kerkhoff, Andrew J., 127-147 area size and, 93, 102, 106 King crabs, 295 birds, 91, 93-94, 101, 266 Kings Canyon National Park, 35, 36 characteristics, by island, 101, 104-106 Kudla, Alexei U., 45-61 climate change and, 98 Kuris, Armand M., 63-82
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From page 405... ...
See also Marine ecosystems. See also Continental Phylogenetic niche conservatism shelves; Coral reefs; Estuaries and extinction dynamics, 58, 191, 201-203 coastal seas; Fisheries; Open ocean invasive species, 201-202 carbon cycling, 18 island biodiversity, 101, 102, 106 controlling threats to, 24-26 mammalian distribution, 265-266 extinctions, 173 Lauraceae, 116, 258 guilds, 177-178 Laurasian corridor, 256 high-seas ballast water exchange, 335 Leopold, Aldo, 282 hypoxic/dead zones, 12, 15-16, 23, 24 Life history patterns invasive species, 199 body size and, 51, 55-58 inventory programs, 323a and endemism, 55, 61 invertebrate origination/extinction and extinction resistance, 192 dynamics, 207-225 parasites, 73, 77, 80 mass extinctions, 28, 29, 182-185, 186 productivity and, 53-54 models, 150, 151 species interactions and, 51, 73 predictions, 22-24 stomatopod patterns, 55-58 protected areas, 20, 21 Linnaeus, Carolus, 63, 64, 65, 66, 128, 282 spatial dynamics of diversity, 190-206 Lord Howe Island, 95, 97, 104, 106 trophic cascades, 1, 6, 12, 13, 16-17, 21, Lupinus, 259 23 synergistic effects on, 1-2, 5, 6, 12, 21-22, 26 M Marsupials, 203, 265 Mace, Georgina M., 263-279 Martiny, Jennifer B
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model, Middle America, amphibian extinctions, 151 39, 41 Melastomataceae, 258 Middle Eastern coral reefs, 46 Mendel, Gregor, 282 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 75, 76, Mesozoa, 66 107, 264, 274, 334 Mesozoic, 40, 212 Minute salamanders (Thorius spp.) , 40-41 Metabolic scaling theory, 178 Miocene, 48, 201, 256, 257, 287 Methane, 158 Mississippi–Missouri river system, 15 Mexico, 32, 40, 41, 70, 321, 325 Molecular genetics.
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From page 407... ...
See also Mass Neogene, 210, 223 extinctions Neutral biodiversity theory, 83, 107, Origination/extinction dynamics. See also 110-112 Extinction; Spatial dynamics of New Guinea, 42, 47, 50 extinctions; Speciation New World species, 31, 256, 270 Big Five mass extinctions, 168, 208, 212New York University, vii 214, 215 New Zealand, 33, 86, 91, 98, 102, 105, 106, bloom taxa, 200 174, 322 body size and, 45, 46, 49-50, 51, 54, 56, Niche construction, 179, 186, 219 59, 60-61, 168, 192, 194, 195, 196, 265, Niche incumbency models, 217-218 271, 272, 273 Niger, 341 causal model, 217-218 Nitrogen, 11, 15, 16, 25, 135, 136, 137, 142, competition, 211, 218, 222 146, 150, 332 continuous time rates, 210 Norfolk Island, 95, 105, 106 density dependence, 208, 215-217, 221, North Africa, 200 222 North America and endemism, 51, 58, 60-61, 83, 91, 124 amphibian diversity, 32 equilibrial models, 208-209, 215-221, 222 bloom taxa, 200 geographic range size and, 58-60, 75, 76, clade disjunctions, 258 77, 192, 333 extinctions, 30, 198, 200, 230, 233, 234, invasive species and, 85-86, 87, 88, 89, 236, 239 90, 91-93, 94, 97, 98, 99-100, 101, 103 national parks and preserves, 336 latitudinal distribution and, 58, 201-203 species diversity, 259 life history speciation/extinction Western Interior Seaway, 198 hypothesis, 51 North American Butterfly Association, marine invertebrates, 207-225 321 methods, 223-224 North Atlantic, 9, 12, 234, 257 niche incumbency models, 217-218 North Sea, 9, 14 niche reconstruction hypothesis, 219 North Temperate Zone, 31, 273 percolation models, 217 Northern Hemisphere, dispersion of plant periodicity hypothesis, 207, 208, 214, lineages, 247, 254, 257, 258-259 215 Northern Line Islands, 105, 106 Phanerozoic decline in rates, 207, 208, Northern right whale, 7-8 210-212 Novacek, Michael, 244-245, 297-315 previous models, 218-219
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From page 408... ...
See Central Pacific plants, 127-147 Pakistan, 200 environmental drivers, 146 Paleobiology Database, 168, 208, 223 and feature diversity, 130 Paleocene, 48, 287 homoplasy and, 248, 249, 250, 284, 285 PALEOMAP Project, 257 mass extinctions and, 171, 173, 174-176, Paleozoic, 182, 186, 192, 212, 214, 217 183, 184, 186, 197 Pamlico Sound, 7 molecular clocks, 283 Panama, 38, 42, 115, 117, 124, 198 nearest taxon index, 130, 133, 134, 136, Panda clownfish, 60 140, 144 PANGEA WORLD, 290-291, 292 net relatedness index, 130, 133, 134, 136, Papua New Guinea, 32 140, 144 Paradoxa, 64 overdispersion, 127, 130, 133, 134, 138, Parasite biodiversity 253, 279 aquaculture and, 25 phylogenetic similarity of communities, avian hosts, 63, 73-77 145-146 biomass, 81 physiological response of microbial taxa climate change and, 63, 75-76 and, 159-164, 165 cryptic species, 67, 69 sampling issues, 139, 141, 142 discovery rates, 67 scaling issues, 132, 133, 138, 139, 140, diversity gradients, 69-70 141 ecosystem services, 64, 77-82 and species diversity, 253 extinction rates, 2-3, 64, 69, 71-73, 77, 80, taxon richness and, 175 81-82 Tree of Life project, 264, 283-289 food web structure, 3, 64, 70-71, 78-80, Phylogenetic niche conservatism 82 abiotic habitat filtering and, 253 geographic distribution of diversity, 73- alpine plant radiations in Andes, 247, 75, 77 257, 259 habitat loss, 63-64, 75-76 analytical tools, 260 host specificity, 3, 63, 67-68, 69-70, 71-73, climate change and, 247, 249, 250-251, 77, 81 252, 254-255, 258, 260-261 number of helminthes, 2-3, 63, 64, 66-69 and community composition, 252-254
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From page 409... ...
See also Phytoplankton; heavy metals, 81 Zooplankton and mammalian biodiversity, 269 Plant biodiversity. See also Amazonian tree nutrient, from agriculture, 11-12, 15, 23, diversity; Angiosperms 24, 43, 332 Amazonian Basin, 113 parasites as buffers, 78, 81-82 characterization of communities, 143-144 prevention, 25 community composition, 132-134, 150- public attitudes, 303, 315 151, 254 synergistic effects, 6, 22, 26, 28, 88, 309 competitive exclusion vs.
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Pseudacris regilla, 36 biomass crash, 227, 231-234 Pseudoeurycea spp., 40 biomass tradeoffs, 168-169, 229, 233 Pseudomonads, 157 carrying capacity for megafauna Pseudosquillidae, 49 biomass, 236-237 Public engagement in biodiversity causes, 168, 228, 229, 236 BioBlitz biodiversity surveys, 314, 317 chronology, 229-230, 238 citizen science, 313-314, 318-327 climate change and, 168, 227, 228, 230, crafting the message, 305-309 234, 236 delivering the message, 309-314 comet explosion and, 228, 230, 234, ecological argument, 308 236 economic argument, 307-308 domesticate biomass, 232, 239-240 ecotourism, 336, 338-339, 343 ecosystem dynamics, 234 education outreach, 293-296, 311, 342 energy/productivity dynamics, 169, ethical, moral, and aesthetic argument, 227, 228-229, 235-236, 237 302-303, 306-307 estimating biomass, 238-240 identifying species, 314, 317, 319-321 geographic distribution of losses, 230, Internet options, 311-312, 320-321, 324, 238 343-344 habitat alterations and, 168, 228, 233, limits to, 325-326 236, 237 media participation, 310-312, 335-336 human-associated biomass, 227, 231, monitoring distributions of species, 317, 233, 234, 236, 237, 238 320, 323-324 hunting and, 227, 228, 233, 239, 236, monitoring migrations, 317, 320, 237 324-325 Industrial Revolution and, 227, 235, 236, monitoring populations, 317, 321-323 237 movies and TV series, 296, 306-307, 311 nonhuman megafauna biomass, 227, organizations for, 327 239 public science venues, 312-313 overkill hypothesis, 30, 168, 233, 300 relating biodiversity to other issues, 309 recovery of biomass, 227, 234-236 rescue and restoration, 317, 326-327 sensitivity tests, 240 strategies for, 299-301, 338 species losses, 168, 227, 228, 231, understanding audiences, 301-305 236-237 Public understanding of biodiversity crisis threshold event, 233, 236 attitude about climate change and, 297, Quillworts, 186 300, 303-304, 309, 310-311
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R., 257 microbial, 179-180 Scotian shelf, 9 mud mounds, 18 Sea mink (Mustela macrodon) , 7 origination/extinction dynamics, 59-60 Sea otters, 13 overexploitation, 21-22, 23, 46 Sea turtles, 9 restoration, 341 Sea urchins, 10, 13, 21, 22 status, 2, 23, 46 Seagrasses, 9, 10, 11, 23, 250 threats to, 1-2, 46 Seahorses, 295 value of, 46 Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge, 327 Reef stomatopods Seaweeds, 8, 23 body size correlates, 45, 46, 48, 49-50, Second Sundays program, 326 51, 54, 55-58, 59, 60-61 Sedimentation, 11, 15, 18, 46 diurnal vertical migrations, 60 Sediments, biogenic, 18
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See also Origination/extinction mollusks; Crustaceans dynamics Shrimp, 13, 15, 25, 45, 47. See also Reef allopatric, 259 stomatopods body size and, 45, 46, 49-50, 59, 60-61 Siberia, 229 geographic range and, 59, 75 Siberian Traps, 29 and life history characteristics, 59 Sierra de Mazateca, 40 mass extinctions and, 199, 200, 204 Sierra Madre Oriental, 40, 41 phylogenetic niche conservatism and, Sierra Nevada of California, 27-28, 33, 35, 251 37, 38, 30, 40, 41 species diversity and, 51, 58, 60 Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frog (Rana stomatopod, 49-50, 51 sierrae)
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Island, 95, 105, 106 global warming trends, 39 Takuidae, 49 University of Arizona, 143 Tax policies, 25 Upper Newport Bay Taxic diversity Back Bay Science Center, 323 mass extinctions and, 171-172, 173-174, State Ecological Reserve, 319 175, 183, 184, 185-186, 187 Taxonomists, 65 Tel Aviv University, vii V Temperature Valerianaceae, 250, 259 and microbial community composition, Venezuela, 331 154, 155, 157, 165 Verdu, Miguel, 254 and speciation, 49 Violets (Violaceae) , 258 Tentaculata, 66 Volcanism, 29 ter Steege, Hans, 107-125 Vredenburg, Vance T., 2, 27-44 Terbough, John, 289, 293 Terrestrial ecosystem models, 150, 151 Tethys Seaway, 60 Tidepool Education Interpretive Program, W 325 Wake, David B., 2, 27-44 Trace fossils, 180, 183, 184 Wadden Sea, 7 Trawling and dredging, 11, 12, 13, 14-15, Webb, Campbell, 249 23, 323 Wetlands, 9, 11, 15, 326, 341 Tree of Life, xvi, 244, 284, 285, 286-288, Whales, 7-8, 323, 324, 325 292 Whitmore, T
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Paul Island, 229-230 Z Zooplankton, 13 Y Zosteraceae, 250 Yangtze River, 15 Yasuni National Park, 113
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