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Cleaning Up Sites Contaminated with Radioactive Materials International Workshop Proceedings (2009) / Chapter Skim
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17 Industrial Nuclear Explosion Sites in the Russian Federation: Recovery and Institutional Monitoring Problems--V. V. Kasatkin, Ye. N. Kamnev, and V. A. Ilyichev
Pages 116-120

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From page 116...
... , All-Russian Research, Design, and Surveying Institute of Production Technology CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL NUCLEAR EXPLOSION SITES CONTAMINATED WITH RADIONUCLIDES This paper presents a classification of industrial nuclear explosion sites contaminated with radionuclides and covers problems associated with site decontamination and radiation monitoring. There were 81 underground nuclear explosions in the Russian Federation from March 1965 to September 1988.
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From page 117...
... Recovery of loading holes in rock salt resulted in the controlled emission of various forms of tritium and inert radioactive gases, which did not lead to any long-term site contamination. The boring of holes in a water-bearing horizon leading to the central explosion zone resulted in contamination of the immediate site grounds with cesium-137, strontium-90, and tritium entrained in drilling fluid and sludge, as well as stratal water extraction from the explosion zone during hydrodynamic survey works.
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From page 118...
... Site deactivation work has been under way for several years at the Grifon site, with the radioactive soil being buried in a specially designed subsurface container constructed in compliance with existing rules and regulations. At the Kama-2 site, soil and equipment are collected in subsurface containers arranged as trenches in a thick clay layer above groundwater level.
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From page 119...
... However, the possibility of future radionuclide releases cannot be completely ruled out if well-casing column corrosion and cement degradation occur near water pressure horizons in the explosion zone or beneath the explosion cavity. As yet, there is no officially established uniform system of radiation monitoring.
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From page 120...
... 120 CLEANING UP SITES CONTAMINATED WITH RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS • Analysis of gamma-radiation dose rate dynamics • Flux density measurement of beta- and alpha-particles in locations where the gamma-radiation dose rate is increasing • In-field gamma-ray spectrometry of contaminated areas • Sampling of soil, water, vegetation, fungi, and so forth, and their analysis for tritium, strontium-90, and cesium-137 content Monitoring types and schedules are set on a project-by-project basis.
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Key Terms

  • nuclear explosion
  • explosion zone
  • industrial nuclear
  • sites contaminated
  • clean soil

  • radioactive soil
  • site contamination
  • radiation monitoring
  • radioactive water
  • central explosion

  • hole boring
  • taiga site
  • kristall site
  • natural background
  • groundwater level

  • contaminated soil
  • nuclear explosions
  • rock salt
  • warning signs
  • accidental pipe

  • deactivation work
  • cement degradation
  • primary cause
  • subsurface containers
  • concrete barrier

  • simplest deactivation
  • mainly caused
  • underground nuclear
  • installing additional
  • explosion zones


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