Cleaning Up Sites Contaminated with Radioactive Materials International Workshop Proceedings (2009) / Chapter Skim
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22 Cleaning Up Sites Contaminated with Radioactive Materials: Coastal Maintenance Bases Andreev Bay and Gremikha--Dieter K. Rudolph
22 Cleaning Up Sites Contaminated with Radioactive Materials: Coastal Maintenance Bases Andreev Bay and Gremikha--Dieter K. Rudolph
Pages 161-176
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From page 161... ...
This area covers Murmansk Oblast, where Andreev Bay and Gremikha are located on the Kola Peninsula, and Arkhangelsk Oblast, where Zvezdochka, one of the nuclear submarine dismantlement shipyards, is located in Severodvinsk. The coastal maintenance bases at Andreev Bay and Gremikha began operating in the early 1960s to support Northern Fleet nuclear submarine operations and to manage spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste.
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From page 162... ...
The large influx of spent nuclear fuel, radioactive waste, and toxic waste associated with decommissioning and dismantling nuclear submarines overwhelmed an already burdened system, resulting in severe problems of safe management of spent nuclear fuel, radioactive waste, and toxic waste. Another factor in reducing the fleet size was the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, which required the elimination of more than 40 ballistic submarines with more than 600 ballistic missile launchers. Although it increased the number of submarines to be dismantled, it had a positive effect because the United States funded the modernization of dismantlement facilities at a number of shipyards, including Zvezdochka in the northwest and in Russia's Far East Region through the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program.
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From page 163... ...
Andreev Bay has the largest inventory of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste: 22,000 spent fuel assemblies, 18,000 m3 of solid radioactive waste, and 3,400 m3 of liquid radioactive waste. Routine maintenance at the base stopped in 1993, and with the harsh Arctic conditions it did not take long for most of the infrastructure to be destroyed, including heat, water, power supply, and sewage.
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From page 164... ...
Spent Nuclear Fuel The Soviet spent nuclear fuel management policy in effect when Andreev Bay began operating in the early 1960s required wet storage in cooling pools for 5 to 7 years before the fuel was sent for reprocessing at Mayak. The spent nuclear fuel, housed in special containers holding five to six spent fuel assemblies, was unloaded from technical support vessels onto trucks for further transport to Building 5, where the containers were suspended by chains into two small cooling pools.
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From page 165... ...
There is no facility for processing solid radioactive waste, and additional radioactive waste will be generated as spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste management activities are implemented. Liquid Radioactive Waste Andreev Bay has the largest volume of liquid radioactive waste -- more than 3,000 m3.
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From page 166... ...
The transport of spent nuclear fuel is planned by using a vessel that will be provided by Italy. There is a plan to construct a spent nuclear fuel transfer pad at Andreev Bay so that the fuel can be sent to Mayak via Zvezdochka shipyard in Severodvinsk, where there is an onshore defueling facility constructed by the U.S.
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From page 167... ...
• Accurate characterization of the waste stream is essential for proper waste processing. SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL AND RADIOACTIVE WASTE TEMPORARY STORAGE FACILITY GREMIKHA Gremikha is located about 35 km east of the mouth of the Murmansk Fjord and is accessible only by sea or helicopter.
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From page 168... ...
The infrastructure does not provide nuclear and radiation safety protection, especially for liquid-metal coolant fuel assemblies and spent reactor cores. For more than 30 years, 116 old TK-6 and TK-11 spent nuclear fuel containers have been stored on an uncovered outdoor pad mixed with solid radioactive waste.
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From page 169... ...
Additional solid radioactive waste will be generated as work proceeds with spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste management processes, decontamination of equipment, and rehabilitation of buildings, grounds, and aquatic areas. About 1,500 m3 of solid radioactive waste will be generated as part of the remediation efforts.
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From page 170... ...
The spent fuel assemblies within casks TK 6 and TK 11 and the radioactive waste storage facilities continue to deteriorate, thus impairing the environment. Practically the entire infrastructure has been destroyed, making the previously developed technological approaches to spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste management of little use .
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From page 171... ...
• Measures to extend the service life of the reactor core storage facility are in progress, but the presence of europium in the spent removable cores presents a problem that remains unresolved. • There was also mention of building a new bridge just for the transport of spent nuclear fuel, as the existing bridge is old and must be inspected before each spent nuclear fuel shipment.
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From page 172... ...
If confirmed, then addressing the state of storage of these cores TABLE 22-1 High-Priority Measures from the Strategic Master Plan Measure Andreev Bay Gremikha Safe management of spent nuclear fuel X X Safe management of spent removable cores X Integrated engineering and radiation survey of buildings, structures, X X grounds, and aquatic area, including an inventory of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste Restoration of infrastructure for spent nuclear fuel management X X Restoration of infrastructure for spent removable core management X Reconstruction of the spent removable core storage facility X Provision of physical protection of the site X X Provision of radiation safety of personnel X X Elimination of open-air storage pad X
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From page 173... ...
Priority projects for Andreev Bay include construction of spent nuclear fuel management facilities to prepare for spent nuclear fuel removal and solid radioactive waste management facilities for long-term storage and subsequent removal. Priority projects for Gremikha include ensuring safe storage of Alpha-class spent removable cores and removal of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste from open pads.
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From page 174... ...
For example, certification of the spent nuclear fuel interim storage and transfer pad built by the Arctic Military Environmental Cooperation at RTP Atomflot in Murmansk was delayed due to Russian agency jurisdictional disputes. The pad uses the Murmansk Shipping Company crane to lift the spent nuclear fuel casks.
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From page 175... ...
CLEANING UP SITES 175 Gremikha was an active base, the population of Ostrovnoi was 30,000. As the base closed and operations ceased, the town's population decreased to 10,000 by 199812 and is now 3,000.
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