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Other Contributions, 23 Criteria for Categorizing Territories at Russian Federal Atomic Energy Agency Enterprises Experiencing Chemical and Radioactive Contamination--S. N. Brykin, N. K. Shandala, N. S. Roznova, and A. V. Titov
Pages 177-190

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From page 177...
... Other Contributions
From page 179...
... enterprises exhibiting chemical and radioactive contamination. The first is the presence in Russia of sites that continue to be affected by technogenic contamination due to radiation accidents and previous activities involving nuclear technologies. The second is the need to remove from operation the facilities still presenting radiation hazards that have outlived their usefulness as well as the possibility of reducing the size of areas devoted to protected sanitary zones or observation zones around enterprises. In these instances, matters related to the future use of the lands thus freed up must be addressed.
From page 180...
...  Contamination of sites at nuclear industry organizations and power facilities is defined mainly in terms of the nuclides cesium-137, strontium-90, and plutonium-239, as well as nuclides of uranium, thorium, and radium. According to currently existing industry recommendations, the decision to rehabilitate radionuclide-contaminated territories at industrial sites and in protected sanitary zones must be made if the open-air dose exceeds dose limit B for personnel or if the dose level under external full-body exposure totals 2.5 μGr per hour. Figure 23-2 illustrates dose levels of gamma radiation at radiation  Solonin, M
From page 181...
... CATEGORIZING TERRITORIES 181 2 km 88.6 17.2 250 200 179.7 150 3.2 126.5 100 50 59.4 0 Industrial sites Protected Observation sanitary zones zones Land Water FIGURE 23-1  Distribution of radionuclide-contaminated territories by location zones. Figure 23-1.eps km 2 200.00 180.00 160.00 Industrial sites 140.00 Protected sanitary zones Observation zones 120.00 100.00 80.00 60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00 Up to 0.5 0.5-2 micrograys/hour >2 micrograys/hour micrograys/hour FIGURE 23-2  Distribution of radiation-contaminated sites by dose levels of gamma radiation.
From page 182...
... One such problem was that Russian radiation hygiene regulations lacked special criteria for categorizing radiation and chemical contamination sites at nuclear industry enterprises. The initiation of special environmental programs and passage of Russian government resolutions served as an incentive for the development of such criteria. RULES FOR CATEGORIZING ROSATOM ENTERPRISES SITES SUBJECTED TO CHEMICAL AND RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION The rules for site categorization (hereafter referred to as "the rules")
From page 183...
... These rules apply to land and bodies of water located on the following territories: • Sites contaminated as a result of unplanned situations and accidents at radiation facilities • Areas freed up as a result of the reduction in size of protected sanitary zones around radiation facilities
From page 184...
... The numerical values of the criteria were developed taking into account existing Russian sanitary-epidemiological and radiation hygiene regulations. Attention was also paid to current international experience, particularly approaches to ensuring radiation safety laid out in the new recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)
From page 185...
... Soils are categorized according to their level of contamination: clean, allowable, moderately hazardous, hazardous, and extremely hazardous.11 The degree of soil contamination is characterized by the total contamination indicator and the actual chemical substance content in the soil. The total indicator for chemical contamination of soil makes it possible to determine the degree of chemical contamination of soils in sites being studied for the presence of harmful substances of various hazard classes.
From page 186...
... 186 TABLE 23-1  Assessment of Levels of Chemical Contamination of Soils Content in Soil (mg/kg) Hazard Class I Hazard Class II Hazard Class III Contamination Total Organic Inorganic Organic Inorganic Organic Inorganic Category Indicator Compounds Compounds Compounds Compounds Compounds Compounds Clean -- From background From background to From background From background to From background From background to to MAC MAC to MAC MAC to MAC MAC Allowable <16 1-2 MAC From 2 backgrounds 1-2 MAC From 2 backgrounds 1-2 MAC From 2 backgrounds to MAC to MAC to MAC Moderately 16-32 1-2 MAC From 2 backgrounds 1-2 MAC From 2 backgrounds 2-5 MAC From 2 backgrounds hazardous to MAC to MAC to MAC Hazardous 32-128 2-5 MAC From MAC to 2-5 MAC From MAC to >5 MAC > Cmax Cmax Cmax Extremely >128 >5 MAC > Cmax >5 MAC > Cmax >5 MAC > Cmax hazardous NOTE: Cmax indicates the maximum value for the allowable level of element content based on one of four hazard indicators.
From page 187...
... . TABLE 23-2  Characteristics of Integrated Water Quality Assessment Combined Contamination Index Water Quality Class Quality Assessment ≤0.2 I Very clean 0.2-1.0 II Clean 1.0-2.0 III Moderately contaminated 2.0-4.0 IV Contaminated 4.0-6.0 V Dirty 6.0-10.0 VI Very dirty >10 VII Extremely dirty CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION OF SITES Radiation-contaminated sites are categorized according to mandatory compliance with existing legislative and regulatory-methodological documents.14 Criteria for evaluating radiation-contaminated sites affected by radionuclides of technogenic origin are found in existing regulations on ensuring radiation safety for humans in these areas.
From page 188...
... • 1-10 mSv per year: Studies are conducted to clarify the radiation situation and select the optimal means of land use based on the principle of scientific evidence and optimization. • >10 mSv per year: A decision is made on rehabilitating contaminated land, including within the bounds of protected sanitary zones and industrial sites.
From page 189...
... In connection with the substantial diversity of dose magnitudes resulting from various routes of exposure, it is impossible to calculate universal allowable levels of surface contamination or specific radionuclide activity in the soil. 16 Therefore, the rules set forth guideline magnitudes for radionuclide content in soil (Bq/m2)
From page 190...
... 190 CLEANING UP SITES CONTAMINATED WITH RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS CONCLUSION Based on the results obtained from categorizing radiation-contaminated areas, we may identify promising categories for land use and develop measures to rehabilitate land for particular purposes (agriculture, forestry, water supply, recreation, nature preservation, construction, and conservation)


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