Cleaning Up Sites Contaminated with Radioactive Materials International Workshop Proceedings (2009) / Chapter Skim
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25 The Experience of the Joint Environmental-Technological Scientific Research Center for Radioactive Waste Decontamination and Environmental Protection (MosNPO Radon) in Eliminating Radiation-Hazard Facilities and Rehabilitating Contaminated Sites--V. G. Safronov, V. A. Salikov, Yu. A. Pronin, and S. V. Mikheikin
25 The Experience of the Joint Environmental-Technological Scientific Research Center for Radioactive Waste Decontamination and Environmental Protection (MosNPO Radon) in Eliminating Radiation-Hazard Facilities and Rehabilitating Contaminated Sites--V. G. Safronov, V. A. Salikov, Yu. A. Pronin, and S. V. Mikheikin
Pages 198-205
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From page 198... ...
421 of the Government of the Russian Federation, June 14, 2002 • Principles of State Policy on Ensuring Nuclear and Radiation Safety in the Russian Federation through 2010 and Beyond, approved by the President of Russia on December 4, 2003 (Pr-2196) • Rules for the Use of Land Subjected to Radioactive and Chemical Contamination; the Conduct of Ameliorative, Site Clearance, and Soil Treatment Efforts; the Establishment of Protected Zones; and the Preservation of Dwellings and Production, Social, Cultural, and Public Service Facilities Located Thereon; *
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From page 199... ...
The maximum depth to which the radionuclides had penetrated was 0.5 m. A detailed radiation study conducted by the Joint EnvironmentalTechnological Scientific Research Center for Radioactive Waste Decontamination and Environmental Protection (Radon)
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The technology for deactivation of the dump site included five stages: 1. Detailed radiation study of the site aimed at clarifying the location of surface radioactive contamination hot spots and evaluating the necessary scope of decontamination work; development of a plan for carrying out such work TABLE 25-1 Categories of Industrial Waste Containing Natural Radionuclides Waste Effective Specific Activity (Aeff)
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Radiation ecology study of the dump site after elimination of surface radioactive contamination hot spots and site reclamation During decontamination of this site, localized radioactive hot spots were discovered and subsequently eliminated to the point where remaining gammairradiation equivalent dose intensity values exceeded background levels by no more than 0.2 μSv per hour at a distance of 0.1 m from the reclaimed surface (rule 5.3.2 RSN-99)
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. The main radioecological and other characteristics of this site are as follows: • Large and expansive territory • Presence on the site of a world-renowned facility with state museum preserve status, which is also a place of pilgrimage by many people, including foreigners • Presence on the southern part of the riverbank in the Moscow Polymetals Plant observation zone of large volumes of radiation-contaminated industrial waste with significant specific activity levels • Insufficient study of the remainder of the riverbank • Constant probability of the appearance of new surface hot spots and radioactive contamination sites • Possibility of pollution of the waters of the Moscow River from erosion processes and anthropogenic activities TAININSKOYE VILLAGE (MOSCOW OBLAST)
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From page 203... ...
During this process, they separated out 240 kg of radioactive waste and subsequently sent it away for long-term storage. The main characteristics of this particular site are as follows: • Very small size of radiation-contaminated hot spots, with most being only 0.01 m2 in area • Location of contaminated soil predominately on the surface • Use of part of the contaminated site for private agricultural activities • Presence of garden plots, with access to the sites being coordinated with the plot owners • Inaccessibility of a significant part of the contamination hot spots to vehicles or equipment • Presence of dump sites for household refuse and thick vegetation, hindering study and deactivation efforts • Lack of homogeneity of the contamination and presence of small fragments (<2-3 mm)
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From page 204... ...
The fundamental factors tangentially or directly leading to the formation of radioactive anomalies are as follows: • Absence during the 1940s through the 1960s of a legislative and legal base and scientifically founded regulations for radiation safety when dealing with radioactive materials • Use of industrial waste, slag, and other materials containing radioactive substances in construction • Lack of a centralized service for collecting and disposing of radioactive waste before 1961 • Imperfection of the system for accounting and control of radioactive substances at city enterprises • Uncontrolled reorganization of enterprises working with radioactive substances and the transfer of their territories, facilities, and equipment to organizations and private individuals not associated with the use of radioactive substances All of these reasons led to a situation in which, over the course of decades, various industrial wastes containing radioactive substances were hauled away from enterprises and organizations and dumped in uncontrolled fashion in vacant lots, ravines, and forests on the outskirts of the city or taken to dumps that did not observe radiation safety norms. From 1971 through 2004, the focused efforts initiated by Radon to discover radioactive anomalies made it possible to identify and decontaminate 1,415 radioactive contamination sites in the city of Moscow and 256 sites in Moscow Oblast.
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From page 205... ...
Such changes have meant that radioactive waste previously buried at industrial dump sites must be removed, processed, and buried in accordance with current requirements. Since the time when a number of nuclear industry enterprises began operating in the 1940s, the city of Moscow has increased in size many times over, meaning that historical or unauthorized radioactive waste burial sites previously located outside the city limits are now located in densely populated areas.
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