Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to Emerging Diseases of Zoonotic Origin Workshop Summary (2008) / Chapter Skim
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Some of the answers from the June 2008 workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council's Committee on Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to Emerging Diseases of Zoonotic Origin are outlined in Chapter 2 of this document. The World Health Organization state in their definition of zoonoses: "Animals thus play an essential role in maintaining zoonotic infections in nature. Zoonoses may be bacterial, viral, or parasitic, or may involve unconventional agents.
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Researchers and human and animal health advocates have focused on disease surveillance as a particularly critical tool for detecting, monitoring, and facilitating response to control outbreaks of zoonotic diseases in humans, but questions remain as to how to make zoonotic disease surveillance more comprehensive and timely in animal populations in order to prevent or minimize the potential for outbreaks to occur in human populations. The Convergence of Forces Responsible for Zoonoses in humans These newly identified diseases have emerged primarily as a result of significant changes in human activity: population growth, changing patterns of human–animal contact, increased demand for animal protein, increased wealth and mobility, environmental changes, and human encroachment on farm land and previously undisturbed wildlife habitat.
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For example, an increased demand for protein and food of animal origin has resulted in noteworthy changes in basic animal husbandry practices to more intensive systems due to the increases in the number of animals kept. This in turn has altered disease exposure risks from livestock to humans and from wildlife to livestock.
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. Surveillance Surveillance, which has been defined by the World Health Organization as "the systematic ongoing collection, collation, and analysis of data for public health purposes and the timely dissemination of public health information for assessment and public health response as necessary," is viewed by most experts in public and animal health as a particularly critical tool for protecting humans from zoonotic diseases and animals from epizootic diseases. Surveillance is conducted by institutions of various kinds, and no single agency has either the mandate or the capacity to address the entire landscape of zoonotic disease.
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Subsistence economies are particularly vulnerable to disease outbreaks among wild animals because they are directly dependent on them for survival, yet these societies are least likely to have adequate (or any) infrastructure and expertise for animal disease surveillance.
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Ebola has affected fewer than 1,000 humans thus far, but its high fatality rate and the threat it poses to endangered primate species have made the possibility of large-scale outbreaks a particularly chilling prospect. Surveillance of primates is important for several reasons.
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goal is to protect wildlife and wild lands, and they conduct animal disease surveillance both in the wild and in controlled settings. One of their surveillance activities has focused on bushmeat (terrestrial wild animals hunted for food)
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GOARN provides technical support to affected populations, investigates and characterizes disease events, and provides other support to resource-challenged nations. Another system that tracks disease outbreak information around the world is ProMED-mail, a project of the International Society for Infectious Diseases that provides means of quickly disseminating infectious disease outbreak information.
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was established by a Presidential directive in 1996, in response to growing recognition of the potential threat infectious diseases pose to the military. DoD-GEIS focuses on respiratory illnesses, febrile illnesses, enteric disease, antimicrobial resistance, and sexually transmitted infections, but it also has a pilot program attempting to integrate both human and animal disease surveillance and information sharing.
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Laboratories surveyed also lack reagents because of cost, lack of local suppliers, or rapid deterioration in extreme environmental conditions. OIE Reference Laboratories -- one or more laboratories designated as centers of expertise on one of the animal or human diseases that OIE monitors -- play an important role in disease surveillance and response.
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Its primary surveillance objectives are to identify and characterize emerging pathogens for human and select animal diseases, establish public health priorities in rural and urban settings, and provide a platform to evaluate the impact of interventions that have targeted high-priority diseases. KEMRI has a national reporting system that uses integrated disease surveillance and response, and also conducts sentinel surveillance in hospitals and refugee camps.
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Within the United States, laboratories that provide veterinary diagnostic services are coordinated through the National Animal Health Laboratory Network. This network, created in response to a Department of Homeland Security directive, is designed to coordinate laboratory capacity at the state and federal levels for early detection of, rapid response, and appropriate recovery for animal health emergencies.
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Thus, building an understanding of the importance of and commitment to disease surveillance, and the capacity and resources to comply with existing guidelines, are essential to improving surveillance for emerging infectious diseases of zoonotic origin worldwide.
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