Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to Emerging Diseases of Zoonotic Origin Workshop Summary (2008) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2 The Convergence of Forces Responsible for Zoonoses
2 The Convergence of Forces Responsible for Zoonoses
Pages 19-32
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 19... ...
Agency for International Development used the public and political responses to growing recognition of the potential threat posed by highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus H5N1, which he described as "one part sensation and one part puzzlement," to illustrate the issues surrounding surveillance.
|
From page 20... ...
Carroll presented a list of infectious diseases and pathogens that have emerged since 1973, shown in Figure 2-1, to demonstrate the scope of the potential threat posed by zoonotic diseases. These newly identified diseases have emerged primarily as a result of significant changes in human activity, including population growth, increased demand for animal protein, increased wealth and rapid travel by people and their animals, changes to the environment, and human encroachment on farm land and previously undisturbed wildlife habitats.
|
From page 21... ...
provided a detailed look at the interacting forces that lie behind the emergence of new zoonoses and the reemergence of existing ones. Not long ago, researchers thought infectious diseases were a problem of the past.
|
From page 22... ...
Treadwell explained that most of the epidemics in the past 15 years listed in Table 2-1 were either zoonotic in origin or likely to be proven as such once ongoing research is complete. This upsurge in the emergence of infectious diseases, as listed in Table 2-1, relates to noteworthy changes in the human population and human behaviors.
|
From page 23... ...
The most significant challenges have included the increased consumption of animal protein and products, and the chang ing practices of animal husbandry and production. Figure 2-3 shows the increase in consumption in the developed and developing parts of the world since 1983.
|
From page 24... ...
Demand for animal protein has also meant an increase in consumption of bushmeat, as well as illegal smuggling of bushmeat and other animal products. Large quantities of animal waste, high-density animal production, and increased interaction with infected bush animals have all played a role in the transmission of pathogens.
|
From page 25... ...
Urban slum dwellers in developing countries may have significant contact with both domestic and wild animals, and high concentrations of both people and animals provide prime conditions for the emergence of zoonoses. Environmental factors Pathogens are also affected by environmental changes, most of which are widely viewed as traceable to human activity.
|
From page 26... ...
Animal Factors Finally, the growing human population, changes in human activity, and changes in the environment can affect animal health and behavior. Developed nations in particular have seen a considerable reduction in the availability of land for both domestic and wild animals.
|
From page 27... ...
Disease Emergence Re-emergence Persistence Environmental Domain Animal Domain Long-term climatic change Non-human Animal Health Issues Global Weather Influences (ENSO) Behavior Local/Regional Weather Patterns Geographic Range Altitude, Temperature, Humidity Habitat and Feeding Preferences or Soil and Vegetation Type Requirements Animal-Environment Interface: Expansion/loss of range Invasive Species Effect of Environmental Conditions on Lifespan and Reproduction (especially vectors)
|
From page 28... ...
Figure 2.5 eps NOT bitmapped Another CDC effort, called BioPHusion, analyzes data such as numbers of hospital visits and reports of related conditions in order to develop p olicies and procedures targeted to specific risks. MicrobeNet, another CDC resource, is a curated, non-redundant sequence reference database that provides both phenotypic and genotypic information on an expanding number of ribosomal gene sequences.
|
From page 29... ...
primarily avian influenza Department of Agriculture Animal health -- focus on economic threat to U.S. agriculture and quality of animal therapies Department of Commerce Marine mammals -- protecting, conserving, and managing marine species Department of Defense Force protection -- general health threat to soldiers (potential bioweapon threat)
|
From page 30... ...
One vital component in cooperation is transparency, Cox said. Because viruses do not recognize political borders, sharing information about infections and measures to control them -- such as culling large numbers of birds, or addressing entrenched cultural practices that increase risks including the The American Veterinary Medical Association defines the term "one world–one health™" as "the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and globally to attain optimal health for people, animals, and our environment" (AVMA, 2008)
|
From page 31... ...
The challenge in developing the partnerships that make transparency possible is "finding the resources to do the things that we all know need to be done," Cox said. Stéphane de La Rocque of FAO echoed the importance of the one world–one health™ approach, noting that FAO responded to high-profile diseases such as SARS, West Nile virus, and Rift Valley fever by actively collaborating with multiple government agencies and others.
|
From page 32... ...
Moreover, many of the problems under discussion are perhaps likeliest to develop in areas of the world with the weakest veterinary infrastructures. Thus the immediate challenge is for the world to support disease monitoring in those areas that need it, while the longer term challenge is to develop greater political will to support a truly global approach to surveillance.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.