Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to Emerging Diseases of Zoonotic Origin Workshop Summary (2008) / Chapter Skim
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3 Current Surveillance Systems for Detecting Zoonoses in Animals
3 Current Surveillance Systems for Detecting Zoonoses in Animals
Pages 33-52
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From page 33... ...
The presentations explored the current state of surveillance efforts for zoonotic diseases, with an eye to identifying gaps in their effectiveness and challenges for improving them. The discussion addressed several existing domestic and international surveillance systems and covered a variety of animal populations (see Appendix D for a table that provides a synthesis of these systems)
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From page 34... ...
In collaboration with a variety of other centers with specific expertise, the GLEWS team analyzes the data collected in order to provide public health warnings in the form of long- and short-term forecasts. Based on this analysis, the GLEWS team puts out disease alerts, and also has the capacity to develop recommendations for coordinated responses to animal health emergencies and provide assistance to local authorities.
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From page 35... ...
Specifically, OIE's objectives are to: • Encourage member countries to conduct surveillance and collect, analyze, and disseminate all animal health information necessary to minimize spread of disease in consistent ways; • Safeguard world trade by establishing health standards for animals and animal products, provide guarantees of the safety of animal food and protect animal welfare, and follow biological standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines; and • Provide expertise and encourage international solidarity in the control of animal diseases, and improve infrastructure, the legal framework, and resources for veterinarians. The 172 member countries are legally obliged to adhere to the notification obligations and the organization's published standards, and OIE provides a variety of resources to assist them in doing so.
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From page 36... ...
By mediating disagreements, providing objective analysis and procedural standards, and in many cases supplying the necessary infrastructure, OIE helps countries to view surveillance as a global priority and to do their part in supporting their own veterinarians, farmers, and other professionals in sustaining vigilance. Wildlife Disease Surveillance and Investigation Although OIE focuses primarily on animals that are domesticated for food consumption, the health of wildlife is directly linked to that of both
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From page 37... ...
infrastructure and expertise for animal disease surveillance particularly in wildlife. Wright stressed that the degree of support for investigation in any society depends on understanding Surveillance Epizootiology Microbiology Training, Field outreach, Parasitology investigation information Statistics/Modeling and response transfer Toxicology/Chemistry Veterinary Medicine Virology Wildlife Ecology Field and lab Diagnostics research FIGURE 3-1 Complexity of disease investigation in wildlife populations.
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From page 38... ...
Thus, the focus for those concerned with wildlife health is moving local information to the regional, national, and global levels -- a considerable challenge. The approach to this challenge taken by the USGS National Wildlife Health Center, which is the only federal laboratory in the United States dedicated to wildlife disease investigation, is depicted in Figure 3-1.
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From page 39... ...
The gaps in the wildlife map do not necessarily indicate that no wild animals died in those U.S. counties during the period covered, but rather that there were no data reported or reported data were not available to the National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC)
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This database is maintained by the Yale School of Medicine and the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Early Detection Data System, an avian influenza database maintained by the U.S. Departments of Agriculture and the Interior.
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From page 41... ...
technological issues are more easily overcome than the people issues, and the mission issues," such as the best way to share data, which data are most useful, getting permission to share them, and acting on them. Ebola Surveillance in NonHuman Primates Targeted wildlife disease surveillance systems have been developed in response to several specific threats to human and animal populations as
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From page 42... ...
The ape population in Gabon has declined by more than half since 1983, and although counting these animals is very difficult, as many as 5,500 gorillas are estimated to have died from Ebola. Researchers have been eager to understand exactly how the disease spreads among these primates, and whether interaction among different species of nonhuman primates and possibly other species such as bats may play a role.
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From page 43... ...
They have not yet been able to identify the reservoir for the disease, and Rollin indicated that recent results suggest the possibility that nonhuman primates are actually just accidental hosts for the pathogen. In any case, they serve as important sentinels for risk to local human communities, even though the risk of the disease spreading to other countries is small.
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From page 44... ...
Researchers tested various bat colonies in Malaysia and determined that these fruit bats carried Nipah virus and that the virus circulated within these colonies. Using satellite collars to track bat movements in the region, they found that bats migrate across a broad range, leading researchers to discard the notion that the widespread outbreak was caused by human effects on the bats' migratory patterns.
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From page 45... ...
Daszak explained that the Consortium for Conservation Medicine's surveillance efforts in wildlife species has been dependent on the work of local, FIGURE 3-5 Emerging infectious disease hotspots. Hotspots are indicated in red Figure 3-5.eps and include areas of high biodiversity and high human population density, which bitmap color may correlate to high connectivity between humans and wildlife.
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From page 46... ...
For that reason, educating and training local villagers on the importance of surveillance and ways to prevent infection of themselves, family members, and neighbors have been a big focus of the WCS surveillance efforts. At the same time, populations that have daily contact with wild animals are in a good position to contribute to both surveillance and protection, so the WCS has worked to engage them in that effort as well.
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From page 47... ...
Table 3-1 lists some biothreat agents that may occur naturally in companion animals. Recognizing the importance of monitoring companion animals, Purdue University and Banfield®, The Pet Hospital, with funding from CDC, collaborated to sponsor the National Companion Animal Surveillance Program (NCASP)
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From page 48... ...
population centers. Each animal's unique identifier number makes it possible for investigators to track disease events by neighborhood, as well as to track lab results and other health information and obtain biological specimens when necessary.
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However, Glickman explained, a longterm investment will be needed to fully integrate animal data sources just within the United States (including private and state-run veterinary practices, diagnostic laboratories, and surveys)
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Lack of Mandate for Overall Coordination Perhaps more important, a participant offered, is that "what we don't have is a group of individuals, an agency, or an institution that looks at the overall picture across human and animal populations, looks at the current surveillance system, the information that each provides and how they link and how they either complement, synergize, or have no relationship with each other." No federal agency has jurisdiction over multiple systems, and it was noted that companion animals may be the only group not overseen by any federal agency. It was suggested that what is needed is not, perhaps, a super agency, but rather a super group that tries to answer some of these questions and provide coordination and linkages, rather than put together piecemeal approaches to deficiencies within individual systems.
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From page 51... ...
"If you look just in the United States, the number of state and federal wildlife people who are out in the field on a daily basis have a huge amount of information that they could provide. They don't have the resources to do it.
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