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From page 171... ... See also Acute pain. See Momentary pain; indiidual drugs Postprocedural and postsurgical pain adjuvant therapy, 77, 93 Adjuvant therapy, 77, 93 advanced techniques, 77-78, 79 Affect/affective states, 14 α2-adrenoreceptor antagonists, 91 brain imaging, 56 α2-adrenoreceptor agonists, 75, 76, 78, CNS anatomy, 36 79, 84-85, 87, 91, 93, 101 and consciousness/awareness, 18 and assessment of pain, 51 defined, xi, 18 behavioral effects, 51, 54, 80-81 modulation of pain, 42-43 and body weight, 51 Aggressive behavior, 57-58, 59, 61, 95 cardioprotective drugs, 87-88 Agricultural Chemical Safety Assessment confounding and beneficial effects, 4, committee, 126 51, 54, 83, 85-89, 103, 148 Allodynia, xi, 36, 38-39, 56, 84, 95, 150, depth of anesthesia, 74 151, 152, 154 dosage, administration route, and α2-Adrenoreceptor agonists, 75, 76, 77, 79, efficacy, 50-51, 55-56, 72, 73, 76, 84-85, 93, 101 79-85, 92, 96, 100-101, 104 α-Chloralose, 74, 76 extrapolation from other species, 3, 43, Alternatives to minimize animal use, 125, 55, 81, 83, 99, 101, 102, 105 126-127, 129, 161 general anesthesia, 19, 37, 38, 73-75, Alzheimer's disease, 87 88, 91, 96 American College of Laboratory Animal immunosuppression and reduction of Medicine, 164-165 inflammatory response, 66-69 Animal Welfare Act, 26, 159-160, intensity of pain and, 78 164-165 11 Read the entire page →
From page 172... ... See 75-76, 79, 85, 106. See also Sedation also Brain; Mechanism of pain; Aspirin, 20 Nociceptors; Neurotransmitters Assessment of pain species differences, 22 behavioral changes, 3, 43, 47-48, 49, Angina, 39 50, 51-63 Animal models of pain biological markers of nociceptor animal welfare considerations, 98-99 activation, 43, 56 burn, 145 brain activity imaging, 43, 56 cancer, 145, 152-153, 154 case-by-case approach, 26 chronic pain, 143, 152 challenges, 14, 17-18 head, 145 clinical parameters, 3, 49-50, 56-63 inflammation, 56, 97, 143, 144, 145, companion animals, 53-55 146-147, 148-149, 150, 154 confounding effects of drugs, 51 joint inflammation, 144, 146-147 distinguishing between noniception and momentary, 143 pain, 14 muscle, 83, 145, 150 extrapolation from human experience, 3, neuropathic, 83, 144, 150-152, 154 24, 43 opioid research, 101 laboratory rodents, 48, 52-53, 55, 58-59 orofacial, 145, 149-150 nociceptive response measurement, persistent pain, 16, 41-42, 98-99, 55-56 144-154 observation techniques, 48, 52, 53, 57 Read the entire page →
From page 173... ... See also indiidual behaiors 134 analgesic effects, 51, 54, 80-81 management, 15, 85, 88, 89, 97, 99, assessment of changes, 3, 43, 47-48, 49, 105, 152 50, 51-63 models, 145, 152-153, 154 consequences of unrelieved pain, 8, 12- Canine distemper, 129 13, 44, 97-98 Capacity to experience pain, 2, 20-23, 27 interventions for fear/anxiety, 42-43 Capsaicin, 13, 35, 144, 146 nociceptive responses, 19, 35, 100 Cardioprotective drugs, 87-88 operant tests, xii, 20, 21, 35 Cardiothoracic pain, examples of causes, 25 pain responses, 21, 35, 150 Carprofen, 52, 102, 103 pseudaffective reflex, 37-38 Castration, 25, 60, 61 signs of pain, 3, 14, 48, 50, 148, 149- Cats 150, 153 assessment of pain in, 53-54 Benzodiazepines, 75, 76, 85, 86 management of pain, 72, 81, 82, 83, 84, Betamethasone, 104 85, 91, 82, 101 Biological markers of nociceptor activation, signs of pain, 19, 58 43, 56 Cattle, 59, 60-61, 103-104, 105 Birds and poultry Causes of pain in research animals anatomy and physiology of pain behavioral experiments, 26 structures, 22 definition of painful procedure, 24 clinical signs of pain, 62 examples by anatomic location, 3, 24-25 exclusion from Animal Welfare Act, 159 husbandry or veterinary treatment, 25, management of pain, 24, 81, 83, 27 102-104 non-research-related, 25 pain response, 20 pain research, 26, 27 Read the entire page →
From page 174... ... , 100 noxious stimuli and nociception, 13-14 Character of pain, 15, 143 pain in humans, 1, 13 Charge to the committee, 7-8 Dehorning, 25, 60, 61 Chemotherapy-induced neuropathy, 151 Depression, 15, 18, 21, 23, 26, 60, 70, Chronic pain 136 animal models, 152 Dermatologic pain, 13, 24, 25, 38, 39 causes, 15, 94, 95 Detomidine, 84 clinical signs, 58, 62 Dexamethasone, 104 context for, 16, 97 Dexmedetomidine, 87 defined, xii, 16 Diabetic neuropathy, 151 deleterious effects, 15, 23 Diazepam, 85 human endpoints, 131, 134, 135, 162, Discrimination of painful states, 20, 21 163 Distress in humans, 16 addressed separately from pain, 1 lifespan considerations, 16 chronic pain and, 15 management, 15, 77, 81, 82-83, 85, 89, signs of, 57 90, 94, 95, 96, 97, 102, 103, 104- Dogs 105, 106 assessment of pain in, 53-54 models, 143, 152 joint inflammation model, 146-147 pathological changes, 15 management of pain in, 71, 72, 81-82, Clinical signs of pain 83, 84, 85, 91, 92, 101, 103 assessment, 3, 49-50, 56-63 nociceptive responses, 19 reliability, 49-50 signs of pain, 48, 57-58 species-specific, 56-63 Droperidol, 75 Duration of pain. See also Chronic pain; Clinical veterinary principles, pain management, 72-73 Momentary pain; Persistent pain Clonidine, 20 Dyspepsia, 148 Cognitive changes, 15 Cold, stimulus response to, 35, 151, 152 E Comfort-improving strategies, 90 Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) Read the entire page →
From page 175... ... 86 92, 103-104 Gabapentin, 77, 79, 85, 93 Humane endpoints. See also Guidance on General anesthesia, 19, 37, 38, 73-75, 88, humane endpoints 91, 96 bioterrorism threats and, 128 Generalized thermal hypoalgesia, 41 chronic pain, 131, 134, 135, 162, 163 Gerbils, 59 clinical signs as, 120, 129 Glia, 40, 94, 95 defined, 120-121 Glutamate, 40 early termnation of study, 120, 126, 127, Goats. Read the entire page →
From page 176... ... See also Threshold for Hyperalgesia cancer pain, 153 pain; Tolerance of pain defined, xii, 36, 39 and dosage, 78, 102 detection, 55 and regulations and legislation, 15-16 inflammatory pain and, 3, 38, 39, Interferential therapy, 89 146 International Association for the Study of joint inflammation, 147 Pain, 1, 13, 17 management/prevention, 39, 84, 89-90, International Life Sciences Institute, 126 94, 95, 96 International regulations and guidelines for mediators, 39 safety assessment, 119, 120-121, muscle pain, 150 123, 124-126, 127 neuropathic pain, 151 Interstitial cystitis, 148-149 nociceptor excitability and, 36, 39, 55, Intervertebral disk disease, 90 56, 95 Invertebrates, capacity to experience pain, orofacial pain models, 150 22 postoperative pain, 149 Irritable bowel syndrome, 148-149 primary, 39, 149 Isoflurane, 19, 53, 74, 86-87, 91, 101-102, secondary, 39, 149, 150 104 sickness syndrome and, 26 thermal, 151, 152 J untreated neonatal pain and, 41-42 visceral pain, 149 Joint pain, 14, 39, 144, 146-147 Hypertension, 15, 19 Hypnorm®, 75 K I Ketamine, 40, 75, 76, 77, 79, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 93, 84, 96 Ice, 91, 92 Ketoprofen, 52, 100, 101, 102, 103-104 Immune suppression/dysfunction, 3, 13, 15, 44, 66-69, 80, 88-89, 97 Read the entire page →
From page 177... ... See also Dermatologic neuropathic pain, 84, 85, 97, 98-99, 152 pain; Joint pain; Musculoskeletal neuroprotective drugs, 87 pain; Visceral/adbdominal pain neurotoxicity of drugs, 86-87 Locomotor activity, 19, 50, 51, 53, 57, 86 nonmammalian species, 24, 81, 83, Love Canal, 125 99-104 nonpharmacologic methods, 3, 78, 89 90, 91, 92, 95, 97 M physical distraction and training, 92-93 postprocedural and postsurgical pain, Mammals, capacity to experience pain, 38-39, 44, 54-55, 72, 77, 78, 82, 84, 20-23 85, 93-94, 98-99, 100, 104-105, 106 Management and prevention of pain. See practical applications and also Analgesics and anesthetics; considerations, 44, 91-99 Anxiolytic drugs; Sedation; indiidual recommendations, 106 species sickness syndrome, 94-95 animal welfare considerations in strategies for laboratory animals, 73-79 persistent pain models, 42, 98-99 training/experience of staff, 73 behavioral interventions to reduce visceral, 82, 83, 84, 79, 97, 104 anxiety, 42-43 Manual therapy, 89, 90 cancer, 15, 85, 88, 89, 97, 99, 105, 152 Marek's disease, 129 cardioprotective drugs, 87-88 Mechanism of pain case-by-case approach, 26 central nervous system, 13, 14, 19, chronic pain, 15, 77, 81, 82-83, 85, 89, 36-37 90, 94, 95, 96, 97, 102, 103, 104 modulatory influences, 15, 42-43, 44 105, 106 nociception, 13, 19, 33-38, 100 clinical veterinary guidelines, 72-73 nociceptors, 13, 35-36 comfort-improving strategies, 42, 90, 97 nonmammalian species, 101, 105 confounding and beneficial effects of ontogeny, 40-42, 44 drugs, 73, 85-89 persistent pain, 38-40, 44 consequences of unrelieved pain, 8, 12 recommendations, 43-44 13, 44, 97-98 tissue differences in activation of drugs, 3, 39, 40, 79-90; see also specific nociceptors, 13-14 classes of drugs and indiidual drugs Medetomidine, 84, 87, 96 environmental enrichment, 42 Meloxicam, 52, 102, 104 ethical and moral imperative, 2, 44 Memantine, 84, 87 focus of, 15 Methadone, 78 gate control theory, 92 Read the entire page →
From page 178... ... , 120, 123, 162 102, 103, 104, 152 National Research Council Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 163-164 O Neonatal pain, 41-42, 44 Neuroleptic drugs, 75, 76 Observation techniques, 48, 52, 53, 57 Neuromuscular blocking agents, 74 Ocular pain, 25, 126-127 Neuropathic pain Ontogeny of pain, 40-42 in cancer, 153 Operant response experiments, xii, 20, 21, examples of causes, 25 35 Read the entire page →
From page 179... ... See Nonhuman primates and pain management, 3, 38 Principles and standards of care perception in nonmammalian species, clinical veterinary, 72-73 100 Three Rs, 3, 12-13, 78, 120, 122 protective role, 76 Propofol, 74, 76, 88, 91 unrelieved, 8, 12-13, 44, 97-98 Prostaglandins, 82 Pain research. See also Animal models of Pseudaffective reflex, 37-38 pain Psychological factors, 3, 15 humane endpoints, 130 Public Health Service Policy on Humane Painful bladder syndrome, 148-149 Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, Pancreatic inflammation, 149, 153 26, 161-162, 163 Persistent pain. Read the entire page →
From page 180... ... See also 159 management of pain in, 73, 80, 81, 82, Anxiolytic drugs 83, 84, 85, 87, 96, 97, 98, 105 Serotonin, 81 muscle pain models, 150 Sevoflurane, 53, 91 neonatal pain, 41-42, 44 Sheep and goats, 50, 59, 60, 61, 81, 105 nociceptive responses, 19, 55 Sickness syndrome, 25, 26, 38, 94-95 Skin. See Dermatologic orofacial pain models, 150 pain responses, 20, 21, 23 Sleep disruption, 21, 23 persistent pain models, 146, 147, 148, Soft tissue models of pain, 83 149-150, 151, 153, 154 Species differences porphyrin secretion (red tears) Read the entire page →
From page 181... ... See Persistent pain Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Toxicology studies, 88, 120-121, 122, 125, Animals Used in Testing, Research, 126-127 and Training, 4, 24, 27, 99, 130-131, Training/experience of personnel, 8, 42, 48, 162-163 52, 73, 122, 124 USDA policies, 20, 26, 129, 160-161 Tramadol, 77, 78, 81-82, 89, 93, 94, 97 Uterine inflammation, 149 Tribromoethanol, 74, 76 TRPM8, 35 V TRPV1, 35, 146 Vaccine safety and potency testing, 122, 123, 129-130 U Vincristine, 152 Ungulates, 59-62. See also indiidual Visceral/abdominal pain species clinical signs, 48, 57, 58, 60, 61 United Kingdom Coordinating Committee examples of causes, 25 on Cancer Research, 130 management, 82, 83, 84, 79, 97, 104 Urethane, 74, 76 models, 52, 82, 144-145, 148-149, 154 Urogenital pain, 25 neonatal, 41 US Department of Agriculture, 20, 26, 129, noxious stimuli, 14 160-161 referred pain, 39 US Environmental Protection Agency, 125, Vocalization, 16, 19, 21, 37, 50, 57, 58, 59, 126 60, 61-62, 136, 147, 153 US Food and Drug Administration, 129 US Government Principles for the W Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research, Withdrawal reflexes, 14, 16, 35, 36, 74, 146 and Training, 4, 24, 27, 99, 130-131, World Health Organization, 129 162-163 US legal requirements and guidelines American College of Laboratory Animal X Medicine, 164-165 Animal Welfare Act, 26, 159-160, Xenon, 87 164-165 Xenopus sp., 101 Association for the Assessment and Xylazine, 84 Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International, 163, 164 Health Research Extension Act, 161 Z intensity of pain and, 15-16 Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Read the entire page →

From page 171...

... See also Acute pain. See Momentary pain; indiidual drugs Postprocedural and postsurgical pain adjuvant therapy, 77, 93 Adjuvant therapy, 77, 93 advanced techniques, 77-78, 79 Affect/affective states, 14 α2-adrenoreceptor antagonists, 91 brain imaging, 56 α2-adrenoreceptor agonists, 75, 76, 78, CNS anatomy, 36 79, 84-85, 87, 91, 93, 101 and consciousness/awareness, 18 and assessment of pain, 51 defined, xi, 18 behavioral effects, 51, 54, 80-81 modulation of pain, 42-43 and body weight, 51 Aggressive behavior, 57-58, 59, 61, 95 cardioprotective drugs, 87-88 Agricultural Chemical Safety Assessment confounding and beneficial effects, 4, committee, 126 51, 54, 83, 85-89, 103, 148 Allodynia, xi, 36, 38-39, 56, 84, 95, 150, depth of anesthesia, 74 151, 152, 154 dosage, administration route, and α2-Adrenoreceptor agonists, 75, 76, 77, 79, efficacy, 50-51, 55-56, 72, 73, 76, 84-85, 93, 101 79-85, 92, 96, 100-101, 104 α-Chloralose, 74, 76 extrapolation from other species, 3, 43, Alternatives to minimize animal use, 125, 55, 81, 83, 99, 101, 102, 105 126-127, 129, 161 general anesthesia, 19, 37, 38, 73-75, Alzheimer's disease, 87 88, 91, 96 American College of Laboratory Animal immunosuppression and reduction of Medicine, 164-165 inflammatory response, 66-69 Animal Welfare Act, 26, 159-160, intensity of pain and, 78 164-165 11

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From page 172...

... See 75-76, 79, 85, 106. See also Sedation also Brain; Mechanism of pain; Aspirin, 20 Nociceptors; Neurotransmitters Assessment of pain species differences, 22 behavioral changes, 3, 43, 47-48, 49, Angina, 39 50, 51-63 Animal models of pain biological markers of nociceptor animal welfare considerations, 98-99 activation, 43, 56 burn, 145 brain activity imaging, 43, 56 cancer, 145, 152-153, 154 case-by-case approach, 26 chronic pain, 143, 152 challenges, 14, 17-18 head, 145 clinical parameters, 3, 49-50, 56-63 inflammation, 56, 97, 143, 144, 145, companion animals, 53-55 146-147, 148-149, 150, 154 confounding effects of drugs, 51 joint inflammation, 144, 146-147 distinguishing between noniception and momentary, 143 pain, 14 muscle, 83, 145, 150 extrapolation from human experience, 3, neuropathic, 83, 144, 150-152, 154 24, 43 opioid research, 101 laboratory rodents, 48, 52-53, 55, 58-59 orofacial, 145, 149-150 nociceptive response measurement, persistent pain, 16, 41-42, 98-99, 55-56 144-154 observation techniques, 48, 52, 53, 57

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From page 173...

... See also indiidual behaiors 134 analgesic effects, 51, 54, 80-81 management, 15, 85, 88, 89, 97, 99, assessment of changes, 3, 43, 47-48, 49, 105, 152 50, 51-63 models, 145, 152-153, 154 consequences of unrelieved pain, 8, 12- Canine distemper, 129 13, 44, 97-98 Capacity to experience pain, 2, 20-23, 27 interventions for fear/anxiety, 42-43 Capsaicin, 13, 35, 144, 146 nociceptive responses, 19, 35, 100 Cardioprotective drugs, 87-88 operant tests, xii, 20, 21, 35 Cardiothoracic pain, examples of causes, 25 pain responses, 21, 35, 150 Carprofen, 52, 102, 103 pseudaffective reflex, 37-38 Castration, 25, 60, 61 signs of pain, 3, 14, 48, 50, 148, 149- Cats 150, 153 assessment of pain in, 53-54 Benzodiazepines, 75, 76, 85, 86 management of pain, 72, 81, 82, 83, 84, Betamethasone, 104 85, 91, 82, 101 Biological markers of nociceptor activation, signs of pain, 19, 58 43, 56 Cattle, 59, 60-61, 103-104, 105 Birds and poultry Causes of pain in research animals anatomy and physiology of pain behavioral experiments, 26 structures, 22 definition of painful procedure, 24 clinical signs of pain, 62 examples by anatomic location, 3, 24-25 exclusion from Animal Welfare Act, 159 husbandry or veterinary treatment, 25, management of pain, 24, 81, 83, 27 102-104 non-research-related, 25 pain response, 20 pain research, 26, 27

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From page 174...

... , 100 noxious stimuli and nociception, 13-14 Character of pain, 15, 143 pain in humans, 1, 13 Charge to the committee, 7-8 Dehorning, 25, 60, 61 Chemotherapy-induced neuropathy, 151 Depression, 15, 18, 21, 23, 26, 60, 70, Chronic pain 136 animal models, 152 Dermatologic pain, 13, 24, 25, 38, 39 causes, 15, 94, 95 Detomidine, 84 clinical signs, 58, 62 Dexamethasone, 104 context for, 16, 97 Dexmedetomidine, 87 defined, xii, 16 Diabetic neuropathy, 151 deleterious effects, 15, 23 Diazepam, 85 human endpoints, 131, 134, 135, 162, Discrimination of painful states, 20, 21 163 Distress in humans, 16 addressed separately from pain, 1 lifespan considerations, 16 chronic pain and, 15 management, 15, 77, 81, 82-83, 85, 89, signs of, 57 90, 94, 95, 96, 97, 102, 103, 104- Dogs 105, 106 assessment of pain in, 53-54 models, 143, 152 joint inflammation model, 146-147 pathological changes, 15 management of pain in, 71, 72, 81-82, Clinical signs of pain 83, 84, 85, 91, 92, 101, 103 assessment, 3, 49-50, 56-63 nociceptive responses, 19 reliability, 49-50 signs of pain, 48, 57-58 species-specific, 56-63 Droperidol, 75 Duration of pain. See also Chronic pain; Clinical veterinary principles, pain management, 72-73 Momentary pain; Persistent pain Clonidine, 20 Dyspepsia, 148 Cognitive changes, 15 Cold, stimulus response to, 35, 151, 152 E Comfort-improving strategies, 90 Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

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From page 175...

... 86 92, 103-104 Gabapentin, 77, 79, 85, 93 Humane endpoints. See also Guidance on General anesthesia, 19, 37, 38, 73-75, 88, humane endpoints 91, 96 bioterrorism threats and, 128 Generalized thermal hypoalgesia, 41 chronic pain, 131, 134, 135, 162, 163 Gerbils, 59 clinical signs as, 120, 129 Glia, 40, 94, 95 defined, 120-121 Glutamate, 40 early termnation of study, 120, 126, 127, Goats.

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From page 176...

... See also Threshold for Hyperalgesia cancer pain, 153 pain; Tolerance of pain defined, xii, 36, 39 and dosage, 78, 102 detection, 55 and regulations and legislation, 15-16 inflammatory pain and, 3, 38, 39, Interferential therapy, 89 146 International Association for the Study of joint inflammation, 147 Pain, 1, 13, 17 management/prevention, 39, 84, 89-90, International Life Sciences Institute, 126 94, 95, 96 International regulations and guidelines for mediators, 39 safety assessment, 119, 120-121, muscle pain, 150 123, 124-126, 127 neuropathic pain, 151 Interstitial cystitis, 148-149 nociceptor excitability and, 36, 39, 55, Intervertebral disk disease, 90 56, 95 Invertebrates, capacity to experience pain, orofacial pain models, 150 22 postoperative pain, 149 Irritable bowel syndrome, 148-149 primary, 39, 149 Isoflurane, 19, 53, 74, 86-87, 91, 101-102, secondary, 39, 149, 150 104 sickness syndrome and, 26 thermal, 151, 152 J untreated neonatal pain and, 41-42 visceral pain, 149 Joint pain, 14, 39, 144, 146-147 Hypertension, 15, 19 Hypnorm®, 75 K I Ketamine, 40, 75, 76, 77, 79, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 93, 84, 96 Ice, 91, 92 Ketoprofen, 52, 100, 101, 102, 103-104 Immune suppression/dysfunction, 3, 13, 15, 44, 66-69, 80, 88-89, 97

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From page 177...

... See also Dermatologic neuropathic pain, 84, 85, 97, 98-99, 152 pain; Joint pain; Musculoskeletal neuroprotective drugs, 87 pain; Visceral/adbdominal pain neurotoxicity of drugs, 86-87 Locomotor activity, 19, 50, 51, 53, 57, 86 nonmammalian species, 24, 81, 83, Love Canal, 125 99-104 nonpharmacologic methods, 3, 78, 89 90, 91, 92, 95, 97 M physical distraction and training, 92-93 postprocedural and postsurgical pain, Mammals, capacity to experience pain, 38-39, 44, 54-55, 72, 77, 78, 82, 84, 20-23 85, 93-94, 98-99, 100, 104-105, 106 Management and prevention of pain. See practical applications and also Analgesics and anesthetics; considerations, 44, 91-99 Anxiolytic drugs; Sedation; indiidual recommendations, 106 species sickness syndrome, 94-95 animal welfare considerations in strategies for laboratory animals, 73-79 persistent pain models, 42, 98-99 training/experience of staff, 73 behavioral interventions to reduce visceral, 82, 83, 84, 79, 97, 104 anxiety, 42-43 Manual therapy, 89, 90 cancer, 15, 85, 88, 89, 97, 99, 105, 152 Marek's disease, 129 cardioprotective drugs, 87-88 Mechanism of pain case-by-case approach, 26 central nervous system, 13, 14, 19, chronic pain, 15, 77, 81, 82-83, 85, 89, 36-37 90, 94, 95, 96, 97, 102, 103, 104 modulatory influences, 15, 42-43, 44 105, 106 nociception, 13, 19, 33-38, 100 clinical veterinary guidelines, 72-73 nociceptors, 13, 35-36 comfort-improving strategies, 42, 90, 97 nonmammalian species, 101, 105 confounding and beneficial effects of ontogeny, 40-42, 44 drugs, 73, 85-89 persistent pain, 38-40, 44 consequences of unrelieved pain, 8, 12 recommendations, 43-44 13, 44, 97-98 tissue differences in activation of drugs, 3, 39, 40, 79-90; see also specific nociceptors, 13-14 classes of drugs and indiidual drugs Medetomidine, 84, 87, 96 environmental enrichment, 42 Meloxicam, 52, 102, 104 ethical and moral imperative, 2, 44 Memantine, 84, 87 focus of, 15 Methadone, 78 gate control theory, 92

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From page 178...

... , 120, 123, 162 102, 103, 104, 152 National Research Council Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 163-164 O Neonatal pain, 41-42, 44 Neuroleptic drugs, 75, 76 Observation techniques, 48, 52, 53, 57 Neuromuscular blocking agents, 74 Ocular pain, 25, 126-127 Neuropathic pain Ontogeny of pain, 40-42 in cancer, 153 Operant response experiments, xii, 20, 21, examples of causes, 25 35

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From page 179...

... See Nonhuman primates and pain management, 3, 38 Principles and standards of care perception in nonmammalian species, clinical veterinary, 72-73 100 Three Rs, 3, 12-13, 78, 120, 122 protective role, 76 Propofol, 74, 76, 88, 91 unrelieved, 8, 12-13, 44, 97-98 Prostaglandins, 82 Pain research. See also Animal models of Pseudaffective reflex, 37-38 pain Psychological factors, 3, 15 humane endpoints, 130 Public Health Service Policy on Humane Painful bladder syndrome, 148-149 Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, Pancreatic inflammation, 149, 153 26, 161-162, 163 Persistent pain.

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From page 180...

... See also 159 management of pain in, 73, 80, 81, 82, Anxiolytic drugs 83, 84, 85, 87, 96, 97, 98, 105 Serotonin, 81 muscle pain models, 150 Sevoflurane, 53, 91 neonatal pain, 41-42, 44 Sheep and goats, 50, 59, 60, 61, 81, 105 nociceptive responses, 19, 55 Sickness syndrome, 25, 26, 38, 94-95 Skin. See Dermatologic orofacial pain models, 150 pain responses, 20, 21, 23 Sleep disruption, 21, 23 persistent pain models, 146, 147, 148, Soft tissue models of pain, 83 149-150, 151, 153, 154 Species differences porphyrin secretion (red tears)

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From page 181...

... See Persistent pain Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Toxicology studies, 88, 120-121, 122, 125, Animals Used in Testing, Research, 126-127 and Training, 4, 24, 27, 99, 130-131, Training/experience of personnel, 8, 42, 48, 162-163 52, 73, 122, 124 USDA policies, 20, 26, 129, 160-161 Tramadol, 77, 78, 81-82, 89, 93, 94, 97 Uterine inflammation, 149 Tribromoethanol, 74, 76 TRPM8, 35 V TRPV1, 35, 146 Vaccine safety and potency testing, 122, 123, 129-130 U Vincristine, 152 Ungulates, 59-62. See also indiidual Visceral/abdominal pain species clinical signs, 48, 57, 58, 60, 61 United Kingdom Coordinating Committee examples of causes, 25 on Cancer Research, 130 management, 82, 83, 84, 79, 97, 104 Urethane, 74, 76 models, 52, 82, 144-145, 148-149, 154 Urogenital pain, 25 neonatal, 41 US Department of Agriculture, 20, 26, 129, noxious stimuli, 14 160-161 referred pain, 39 US Environmental Protection Agency, 125, Vocalization, 16, 19, 21, 37, 50, 57, 58, 59, 126 60, 61-62, 136, 147, 153 US Food and Drug Administration, 129 US Government Principles for the W Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research, Withdrawal reflexes, 14, 16, 35, 36, 74, 146 and Training, 4, 24, 27, 99, 130-131, World Health Organization, 129 162-163 US legal requirements and guidelines American College of Laboratory Animal X Medicine, 164-165 Animal Welfare Act, 26, 159-160, Xenon, 87 164-165 Xenopus sp., 101 Association for the Assessment and Xylazine, 84 Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International, 163, 164 Health Research Extension Act, 161 Z intensity of pain and, 15-16 Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

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Index Pages 171-182

Index
Pages 171-182