Medical Isotope Production Without Highly Enriched Uranium (2009) / Chapter Skim
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3 Molybdenum-99/Technetium-99m Supply
3 Molybdenum-99/Technetium-99m Supply
Pages 31-54
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From page 31... ...
. Of these three, only Mallinckrodt continues to supply technetium generators to the U.S.
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to produce Mo-99 from irradiated highly enriched uranium (HEU) targets.
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, all of which use HEU targets: MDS Nordion, Mallinckrodt, Institut National des Radioéléments (IRE) , and Nuclear Technology Products Radioisotopes (Pty)
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There are secondary flows among producers that are not shown on the figure.
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This mass of Mo-99 is about the amount con tained in a cook's "pinch of salt." The remainder of the U-235 ends up as waste. 71,100 Ci EOB 54,400 Ci available 80 for shipping 60 Ci 40 10% loss during target processing 12,000 6-day Ci 20 0 Target irradiation Target Calibration time for (7 days)
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From page 36... ...
According to a representative of MDS Nordion, growth in 2006 supply has been "flat to single digit growth levels" since 2006 so "this range can be used to reflect demand/supply for this entire time period." CURRENT Mo-99 PRODUCERS All of the organizations that currently produce Mo-99 utilize g overnment-owned research or test reactors to irradiate targets, and some use government-owned facilities for target processing and Mo-99 recov The committee judges that this is the most reliable currently available estimate because it is based on a workshop that was attended by three of the four global Mo-99 producers, including the two producers that supply the U.S. market, as well as several regional producers.
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From page 37... ...
IRE has a dedicated bank of hot cells for target processing, a backup set of processing hot cells, and a third set of hot cells that are used intermittently for processing of strontium. Information on the number of hot cells in the facility, the number of hot cells used to produce Mo-99, and waste disposition can be found at http://ie.jrc.ec.europa.eu/publications/ brochures/HFR%20brochure.pdf and http://www.wmsym.org/abstracts/2001/25/25-5.pdf.
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/CEN-Saclay SAFARI-1 Pelindaba, South Nuclear Energy Corporation of South Research Africa Africa (NECSA) Reactors Used by Regional Producers of Mo-99 RA-3 Buenos Aires, CNEA Research Argentina OPAL Lucas Heights, ANSTO Research Australia WWR-TS Obninsk, Russia Karpov Institute of Physical Chemistry Research Existing Reactors That Could Be Used for Mo-99 Production MURR Columbia, Missouri, University of Missouri Research USA G.A.
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From page 39... ...
a Date Operation Fuel Type Type Mo-99 Producer 135 1957 315 LEU HEU MDS Nordion 50 1961 290 LEU HEU Mallinckrodt IRE 100 1961 115 HEUb HEU Mallinckrodt IRE 70 1966 220 LEU HEU Mallinckrodt IRE 20 1965 315 HEU (45%)
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MDS Nordion provides approximately 60 percent of the U.S. supply of Mo-99 and approximately 40 percent of world supply depending on global reactor production schedules.
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11 NTP, a subsidiary of the South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (NECSA) , produces about 10 percent of the world supply of Mo-99 and provides backup supplies to the U.S.
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to construct a new multipurpose12 Open Pool Australian Lightwater (OPAL) reactor and to refurbish five process hot cells for Mo-99 production.
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(c) Top view of the reactor core.
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CNEA produces Mo-99 primarily for its domestic market and secondarily for export to other South American countries. It began producing Mo-99 using HEU targets in 1985 (Cols et al., 2000)
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Neither of these organizations is currently producing Mo-99 on a commercial basis, and both are seeking pharmaceutical partners (presumably technetium generator producers) to provide financial support and/or a long-term commitment to purchase Mo-99.
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Argonne National Laboratory is carrying out DOE-funded research to provide a better understanding of the chemistry of salt solutions in operating solution reactors and the recovery of Mo-99. Of particular concern is the potential for formation
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restricts the sale of enriched uranium to commercial entities. Section 3112-d of the Privatization Act allows the Secretary of Energy to sell LEU that has been down-blended from the DOE stockpile to commercial entities if three requirements are met.19 It will take some time to carry out the administra 18 This time estimate has not been independently verified by the committee.
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From page 48... ...
located on the university's main campus in Columbia, Missouri, and a target processing facility that would be constructed adjacent to the reactor facility. MURR is working on target and process design, conceptual facility development, and waste disposition in cooperation with Argonne National Laboratory, CERCA, and INVAP.
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From page 49... ...
Other Potential Future Suppliers of Molybdenum-99 The IAEA has initiated a "Coordinated Research Project (CRP) on Developing Techniques for Small-Scale Indigenous Production of Mo-99 sing LEU or Neutron Activation."22 The 5-year project, which was started u in 2005, is intended to foster capacity building at the local and regional levels, improve access to nuclear medicine, and support HEU minimization.
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23 A discussed in Appendix D, Mo-99 produced by neutron activation has a low specific a ctivity compared to fission-produced Mo-99. Although it can be used in technetium generators, its low specific activity reduces the quantity and duration of Tc-99m yields.
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From page 51... ...
Mo-99/Tc-99m SUPPLY CHAINS Mo-99 producers have established global supply chains to ship this isotope to each other and to Tc-99m generator manufacturers using a combination of commercial and charter aircraft and ground transport services. Tc-99m generator manufacturers have also established national and regional supply chains to move generators from their production facili 25 BMS sold its medical imaging business to Avista Capital Partners in January 2008.
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As noted previously, there are two suppliers of Mo-99 to the United States: MDS Nordion and Mallinckrodt. There are also two technetium generator manufacturers in the United States: Mallinckrodt and Lantheus, located in Maryland Heights, Missouri, and Billerica, Massachusetts, respectively.
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The figure does not show other secondary flows of Mo-99 into the North American market. SUMMARY This chapter provides a description of the Mo-99 and Tc-99m for medical diagnostic imaging.
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From page 54... ...
. Mallinckrodt generators mainly use Mo-99 produced at Petten in the Netherlands; Lantheus mainly obtains its Mo-99 from the NRU reactor at Chalk River, Ontario, via MDS Nordion.
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