Global Security Engagement A New Model for Cooperative Threat Reduction (2009) / Chapter Skim
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1 The Evolution of Cooperative Threat Reduction
1 The Evolution of Cooperative Threat Reduction
Pages 21-38
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From page 21... ...
As explained in "A Note on Terminology," this report has adopted the following terms to refer to various programs: programs exclusive to the Department of Defense Cooperative Threat Reduction program are referred to as DOD CTR; the broader set of threat reduction programs that encompasses departments and agencies across the U.S. government are referred to as USG CTR; the entire set of programs to this point is referred to as CTR 1.0; and the committee's concept of a future global security engagement program is referred to as CTR 2.0.
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From page 22... ...
. The committee has found that DOD CTR and other cooperative threat reduction programs have been successful in the past, and is confident that these programs can be adapted and applied to new situations.
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Over a series of discussions that were both cooperative and collaborative, an outline of a cooperative threat reduction program began to take shape. The DOD CTR program was initially authorized in 1991 and supported by funds appropriated to the Department of Defense in Public Law 102-228.
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From page 24... ...
lost congressional support and were eliminated altogether. The United States has invested more than $21 billion in USG CTR programs since 1992, nearly one-third of which was for DOD CTR.
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, eliminated 476 SLBM launchers, destroyed 31 nuclear submarines, and launched biological surveillance efforts in several NIS states. 12 Finding 1-1: The DOD CTR programs have demonstrated that DOD was able to mobilize and focus considerable resources creatively to meet new challenges in Russia and other states of the former Soviet Union.
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From page 26... ...
, also can play a role to support cooperative threat reduction efforts. In some areas of interest to USG CTR, such as projects related to disease monitoring and health, USAID's programs and budgets can be leveraged to complement and supplement USG CTR efforts of other agencies, and often have much larger budgets.
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From page 27... ...
The development of the G8 GP elevated cooperative threat reduction to a global enterprise that is now poised to extend beyond its original 10-year mandate. Common guidelines17 have been established for program implementation and informal mechanisms have proven effective as a relatively low-cost, low-bureaucracy mode of program coordination.
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From page 28... ...
Available as of March 2009 at http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/summit/2008/doc/pdf/0708_12_en.pdf. Finding 1-2: The DOD CTR program in Russia and the former Soviet Union is a vital part of the broader interagency and international cooperative threat reduction efforts, and operates in the context of a broader group of U.S.
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From page 29... ...
will address such risks through implementing proj ects according to the GP common principles. In addressing threat reduction and non-proliferation requirements, the projects will be specifically aimed to implement and realize the GP common principles worldwide.
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From page 30... ...
assistance provided for threat reduction and how to ensure that assistance provided was not used to sustain or enhance former Soviet weapons capabilities. DOD policies, procedures, and rules developed to implement its CTR program were complex, and the process of putting agreements into place to govern the new program activities were unfamiliar to the leaders of the NIS.
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From page 31... ...
Since 1995, the level of leadership in DOD has been downgraded from a high-priority program managed by a deputy assistant secretary of defense for cooperative threat reduction and special assistant to the secretary of defense to a CTR Policy Office under a director for the CTR program. As DOD CTR grew through the 1990s, there was little corresponding growth in the size of the DOD CTR Policy Office staff that provided overall policy and program guidance.
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From page 32... ...
Finding 1-3: The size of the DOD CTR Policy Office staff has not expanded significantly over the life of the program even though the number of countries engaged has continued to grow, and it will need to expand further to meet the increased requirements of global engagement. Other transitions took place over time within the DOD CTR program as well as in the broader USG CTR efforts.
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From page 33... ...
Yet despite the bureaucratic challenges, there are still many tangible examples of DOD CTR accomplishments, as demonstrated on the Nunn-Lugar Scorecard25 and other assessments of USG CTR programs. The USG CTR programs also have produced equally important intangible benefits.
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From page 34... ...
27 In 2002, Congress requested a report outlining a cooperative threat reduction program for India and Pakistan, including legal obstacles to implementing such a program, and an estimated budget. The report was apparently never produced and DOD could not provide any documentation about the report to the committee.
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From page 35... ...
Tensions with Russia after its August 2008 conflict with Georgia raised questions at the leadership level for USG CTR implementing agencies, but at the program level there was little impact. Congressional committee staff with direct interests in USG CTR efforts were uniform in their support for sustaining USG CTR programs, including DOD CTR, despite growing tensions with Russia.31 As the global security environment continues to evolve, there will be times when the United States, Russia, the participants in the G8 GP, or others may be at odds over objectives or courses of action for issues with no direct relationship to cooperative threat reduction.
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From page 36... ...
Finding 1-6: The DOD CTR program will require new energy and creativity to deal with the changing global security environment, whose challenges are different from those that came at the end of the Cold War. The world has changed enormously since the DOD CTR program was established.
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From page 37... ...
Finding 1-2: The DOD CTR program in Russia and the former Soviet Union is a vital part of the broader interagency and international cooperative threat reduction efforts, and operates in the context of a broader group of U.S. interagency and international programs.
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