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Overview
Pages 5-16

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From page 5...
... program, particularly in the Middle East, Asia, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, and identify options and recommendations for strengthening and expanding the CTR program. Senators Sam Nunn and Richard Lugar crafted the original CTR program as an innovative response to threats posed by the collapse of the Soviet Union; similar creativity is needed now to develop an enhanced program that involves new players, new places, and new programs. When the Soviet Union fell, a disheartened and dispersed military force remained in place, still responsible for tens of thousands of nuclear weapons,  See Appendix A for the full text of the legislation.
From page 6...
... assistance provided for threat reduction, and how to ensure that assistance provided was not used to sustain or enhance former Soviet weapons capabilities. DOD policies, procedures, and rules developed to implement its CTR program were complex, and the process of putting agreements into place to govern the new program activities were unfamiliar to the leaders of the NIS.
From page 7...
... But the emphasis has shifted from destroying and securing weapons facilities and engaging former weaponeers to increasing security through building detection and disease surveillance capability, whether for detecting biological events or stopping traffickers. Likewise, the metrics of success for USG CTR programs have been changing from "weapons and systems destroyed" to "nonproliferation capabilities enhanced." These metrics need to evolve further to reflect the importance of intangible as well as tangible program outcomes, and to better reflect program impact in partner countries.
From page 8...
... national security and global stability would be enhanced by expanding the nation's cooperative threat reduction programs beyond the former Soviet Union and readdressing their form and function. To this end, the committee has looked broadly at how the original cooperative threat reduction programs -- or CTR 1.0 -- can be upgraded and improved to create a new approach to global security engagement, which we call CTR 2.0 (see Box O.1)
From page 9...
... These include some activities already associated with DOD CTR, such as promoting biological safety, security, and surveillance programs; supporting the implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention; and enhancing border security assistance that can be applied to new regions and countries, such as the Middle East, Asia, and Africa. New program areas were also identified, such as promoting the implementation of the United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR)
From page 10...
... In addition, CTR 2.0 will support the implementation of bilateral and international nonproliferation, arms control, and counterterrorism agreements, and innovative initiatives and activities such as the Proliferation Security Initiative, the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism, and UNSCR 1540. To succeed, CTR 2.0 will require sustained White House leadership and the full cooperation of cabinet secretaries and agency heads.
From page 11...
... and the Homeland Security Council (HSC) are already collaborating in biological global security engagement in an effort known as the "United States Bioengagement Strategy." This mechanism brings together representatives from the entire program spectrum, regardless of whether agencies have a legislatively mandated national security mission, initially to exchange program information and subsequently to fashion government-wide engagement strategies for several countries.
From page 12...
... Recommendation 3-1b: Internationally, CTR 2.0 should include multilateral partnerships that address both country- and region-specific security challenges, as well as provide support to the implementation of international treaties and other security instruments aimed at reducing threat, such as the G8 Global Partnership, the Proliferation Security Initiative, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540, and the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism. Professional colleagues -- friend or foe -- throughout the world respect intellect and technical competence.
From page 13...
... Recommendation 3-3a: Program planning should be developed out of a strategic process and be matched by a strategic budget process that produces a multiyear budget plan and distributes funding across agencies based on agency ability to respond to program requirements. As needed, agency legislative authorities should be revised to include a national security dimension.
From page 14...
... In addition, all USG CTR programs should identify legal and policy tools that can promote the sustainability of U.S.-funded CTR work and provide greater implementation flexibility. Recommendation 3-3d: Congress should grant DOD limited "notwithstanding" authority for the CTR program―perhaps a maximum of 10 percent of the overall annual appropriation and subject to congressional notification―to give the program the additional flexibility it will need in future engagements.
From page 15...
... The review should also include broader military components, including the Unified Combatant Commands, the full set of programs in the Defense Threat Reduction Program, DOD health and research programs, and other DOD assets. Existing CTR programs have incrementally evolved toward CTR 2.0 over the years, but a more specific transition plan is needed.
From page 16...
... BOX O.2 Statement by Senator Richard Lugar We must take every measure possible in addressing threats posed by weapons of mass destruction. We must eliminate those conditions that restrict us or delay our abil ity to act. The United States has the technical expertise and the diplomatic standing to dramatically benefit international security. American leaders must ensure that we have the political will and the resources to implement programs devoted to these ends.


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