Global Security Engagement A New Model for Cooperative Threat Reduction (2009) / Chapter Skim
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4 The Role of the Department of Defense in Cooperative Threat Reduction 2.0
4 The Role of the Department of Defense in Cooperative Threat Reduction 2.0
Pages 99-116
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From page 99... ...
Some CTR 2.0 efforts may be able to take advantage of the original DOD CTR programs, but tasks that require the magnitude of effort needed to address the FSU's weapons of mass destruction (WMD) arsenal are likely to be the exception.
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From page 100... ...
For example, DOD CTR provided environmental monitoring laboratories (and associated training) related to chemical weapons destruction in Russia and biological weapons facility dismantlement in Kazakhstan.
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From page 101... ...
Once Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine decided to give up their nuclear weapons, the DOD CTR program provided substantial and critical assistance to repatriate nuclear warheads safely and securely to Russia, and worked with Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine, to eliminate WMD, delivery systems and infrastructure. It supported nuclear warhead deactivation, secure storage of the warhead fissile material, and continues its work to destroy Russia's very substantial stockpile of chemical weapons as a partner in the international program under the Group of Eight Global Partnership (G8 GP)
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From page 102... ...
Chemical Weapons Destruction The chemical weapons arsenals in the Middle East could be a prime target area for CTR 2.0. Large stockpiles of chemical weapons are believed to exist TABLE 4.1 Examples of Possible DOD CTR 2.0 Activities Region or Country Activity Countries Possible Partners Middle East Secure and destroy Egypt DOD suspected chemical Israel G8 GP weapons stockpiles Syria Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
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From page 103... ...
countries DMC programs in more nations; Countries involved connect DMC State Partnership Programs with CTR-related activities Facilitate incident/emergency Multiple DOD response training countries DOE programs Department of State HHS Countries involved Develop cybersecurity Multiple DOD training programs countries DOE Countries involved Strengthen export controls Multiple DOD and border security, countries Department of State including maritime DOE security Coast Guard Countries involved
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From page 104... ...
Provide logistical support for DOD denuclearization DOE Department of State IAEA Asia Promote biological safety, Pakistan DOD security, and disease Indonesia Department of State surveillance programs HHS G8 GP WHO Industry NGOs Promote chemical safety and India DOD security Pakistan Department of State − protecting chemical EPA facilities OPCW − protecting cargoes of Industry hazardous chemicals in NGOs transit Facilitate incident/emergency Multiple DOD response planning and countries DHS training DOE Facilitate scientist-to-scientist India Department of State exchanges in support Pakistan DOE of nonproliferation DOD technologies Academic community Russia Complete all current DOD projects with emphasis on DOE sustainability Coidentify lessons learned and DOD best practices as basis of a Department of State strategy for application of DOE programs outside the FSU G8 GP Counterpart Russian agencies
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From page 105... ...
Such units, when properly trained and with experience working on their own chemical weapons destruction, could also offer similar assistance to other countries in the region. Middle East states may accept assistance from Iraqi experts more readily than from the U.S.
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From page 106... ...
It could, however, become a threat to security in the region if Hezbollah forces in southern Lebanon were to acquire chemical warheads for short-range missiles such as the ones that it fired into Israel in the short-lived 2006 war. Presumably, the CWC implementing legislation will be structured to prohibit moving chemical weapons onto Lebanese territory. However, enforcement of such prohibitions will require technical expertise and equipment to detect and interdict transfers of chemical weapons material from a neighboring state such as Syria or Iran.
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From page 107... ...
In all these areas, DOD CTR could add its special expertise in the chemical security area to that of the State Department, which launched a Chemical Security Engagement Program in 2007, as a companion program to its Biological Security Engagement Program.10 This new effort implements programs in conjunction with host governments to fill critical gaps in chemical security and safety, particularly where there is high potential for terrorist activity. In August 2007, the State Department teamed with the International Union Chemical Security Engagement Program.
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From page 108... ...
Gain understanding about gaps in chemical security and chemical safety as identified by Governmental officials, practicing chemists, industry representatives, and international experts, with a particular focus on South and Southeast Asia; 2. Investigate ways in which IUPAC, other international organizations, and the State Department Chemical Security Engagement Program could develop programming to work with host governments, practicing chemists, local and regional chemical organizations, and chemical industry to begin to fill gaps.
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From page 109... ...
The Department of State, working with the Departments of Health and Human Services and Agriculture, has already started biological safety and security activities in many countries in Asia and Africa. DOD CTR could explore how it can contribute to strengthening and expanding those programs and especially how it can employ its expertise in the biosecurity area that other USG CTR programs lack.
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From page 110... ...
As early as 1993, Congress recognized that destabilizing conventional weapons should also be covered under DOD CTR. The importance of this threat was highlighted again by the collaboration of Senators Richard Lugar and Barack Obama to pass the Department of State Authorities Act of 2006, under which Section 11 authorizes the secretary of state to secure, remove, or eliminate stocks of conventional weapons.15 Applying security and destruction programs to unguarded stockpiles of conventional munitions may help prevent terrorist acquisition of the raw materials needed for improvised explosive devices, which have taken far more lives in Iraq than any WMD and could appear anywhere else the materials and know-how is available.
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From page 111... ...
for maritime interdiction and nuclear, biological and chemical warning and detection • Military Police familiarization exchanges and antiterror TCTs • National Guard State Partnership Program familiarizations and contact visits • Regional counterproliferation and counterterrorism exercises • Disaster preparedness and consequence management TCTs The DMC program could be administered directly as part of the overall DOD CTR program and be used to lay the groundwork for future CTR 2.0 engagements. Future DMC program planning would benefit from direct engagement with the Unified Commands, within an overall strategic framework and in close coordination with diplomatic and other efforts.
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From page 112... ...
At the time of the committee's conversation at PACOM, officers there were unaware of the DOD CTR Biological Threat Reduction Program or that the Department of State was engaged in biosecurity activities in the Pacific area. As the newest regional command, the U.S.
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From page 113... ...
DTRA currently has liaison officers stationed at each of the commands who could provide a ready link between DOD CTR and command interests. In addition to keeping commands informed of DOD CTR programs, these liaisons, if incorporated into the broader flow of information from all U.S.
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From page 114... ...
Recommendation 4-3: A plan for the evolution of CTR 1.0 to CTR 2.0 should take into account the congressional principles enumerated in the legislation authorizing this report, as well as existing USG CTR initiatives. The White House should review National Security Council−Homeland Security Council coordination in bioengagement as a possible model for other programs as it develops a transition plan.
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From page 115... ...
Finding 4-3: The Defense and Military Contacts Program funded by DOD CTR, is a relatively small, but potentially important, element of the DOD CTR 2.0 effort and could be better focused to support specific DOD CTR relationship-building opportunities that lead to program development in new geographic areas. Finding 4-4: Combatant commands currently engage regionally at many levels and with a broad group of interlocutors, but too little with DOD CTR or other U.S.
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