Weight Gain During Pregnancy Reexamining the Guidelines (2009) / Chapter Skim
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From page 315... ...
appendix B Supplementary Information on Nutritional Intake 315
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316 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR PREGNANCY TABLE B-1A Equations to Estimate Energy Requirement for Pregnant Women by Trimester Estimated Energy Requirement (kcal/day) = Nonpregnant EER + Pregnancy Energy Deposition 1st trimester EER = Nonpregnant (adolescent or adult)
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From page 317... ...
APPENDIX B 317 TABLE B-2 Dietary Reference Intakes for Pregnant Women: Vitamins, Elements, Total Water, and Macronutrients in Alphabetical Order Nutrient EARa RDAb/AIc ULd Biotin 14-18 y -- 30 µg/day -- 19-30 y -- 30 µg/day -- 31-50 y -- 30 µg/day -- Boron 14-18 y -- -- 17 mg/day 19-30 y -- -- 20 mg/day 31-50 y -- -- 20 mg/day Calcium 14-18 y -- 1,300 mg/day 2.5 g/day 19-30 y -- 1,000 mg/day 2.5 g/day 31-50 y -- 1,000 mg/day 2.5 g/day Carbohydrate 14-18 y 135 g/day 175 g/day -- 19-30 y 135 g/day 175 g/day -- 31-50 y 135 g/day 175 g/day -- Chloride 14-18 y -- 2.3 g/day 3.6 g/day 19-30 y -- 2.3 g/day 3.6 g/day 31-50 y -- 2.3 g/day 3.6 g/day Choline 14-18 y -- 450 mg/day 3.0 g/day 19-30 y -- 450 mg/day 3.5 g/day 31-50 y -- 450 mg/day 3.5 g/day Chromium 14-18 y -- 29 µg/day -- 19-30 y -- 30 µg/day -- 31-50 y -- 30 µg/day -- Copper 14-18 y 785 µg/day 1,000 µg/day 8,000 µg/day 19-30 y 800 µg/day 1,000 µg/day 10,000 µg/day 31-50 y 800 µg/day 1,000 µg/day 10,000 µg/day Fiber (Total) 14-18 y -- 28 g/day -- 19-30 y -- 28 g/day -- 31-50 y -- 28 g/day -- Flouride 14-18 y -- 3.0 mg/day 10 mg/day 19-30 y -- 3.0 mg/day 10 mg/day 31-50 y -- 3.0 mg/day 10 mg/day continued
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318 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY TABLE B-2 Continued Nutrient EARa RDAb/AIc ULd Folatee 14-18 y 520 µg/day 600 µg/day 800 µg/day 19-30 y 520 µg/day 600 µg/day 1,000 µg/day 31-50 y 520 µg/day 600 µg/day 1,000 µg/day Iodine 14-18 y 160 µg/day 220 µg/day 900 µg/day 19-30 y 160 µg/day 220 µg/day 1,100 µg/day 31-50 y 160 µg/day 220 µg/day 1,100 µg/day Iron 14-18 y 23 mg/day 27 mg/day 45 mg/day 19-30 y 22 mg/day 27 mg/day 45 mg/day 31-50 y 22 mg/day 27 mg/day 45 mg/day Linoleic acid 14-18 y -- 13 g/day -- 19-30 y -- 13 g/day -- 31-50 y -- 13 g/day -- α-Linolenic Acid 14-18 y -- 1.4 g/day -- 19-30 y -- 1.4 g/day -- 31-50 y -- 1.4 g/day -- Magnesiumf 14-18 y 335 mg/day 400 mg/day 350 mg/day 19-30 y 290 mg/day 350 mg/day 350 mg/day 31-50 y 300 mg/day 360 mg/day 350 mg/day Manganese 14-18 y -- 2.0 mg/day 9 mg/day 19-30 y -- 2.0 mg/day 11 mg/day 31-50 y -- 2.0 mg/day 11 mg/day Molybdenum 14-18 y 40 µg/day 50 µg/day 1,700 µg/day 19-30 y 40 µg/day 50 µg/day 2,000 µg/day 31-50 y 40 µg/day 50 µg/day 2,000 ug/day Niacing 14-18 y 14 mg/day 18 mg/day 30 mg/day 19-30 y 14 mg/day 18 mg/day 35 mg/day 31-50 y 14 mg/day 18 mg/day 35 mg/day Nickel 14-18 y -- -- 1.0 mg/day 19-30 y -- -- 1.0 mg/day 31-50 y -- -- 1.0 mg/day
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From page 319... ...
APPENDIX B 319 TABLE B-2 Continued Nutrient EARa RDAb/AIc ULd Pantothenic Acid 14-18 y -- 6.0 mg/day -- 19-30 y -- 6.0 mg/day -- 31-50 y -- 6.0 mg/day -- Phosphorus 14-18 y 1,055 mg/day 1,250 mg/day 3.5 g/day 19-30 y 580 mg/day 700 mg/day 3.5 g/day 31-50 y 580 mg/day 700 mg/day 3.5 g/day Potassium 14-18 y -- 4.7 g/day -- 19-30 y -- 4.7 g/day -- 31-50 y -- 4.7 g/day -- Proteinh 14-18 y 0.88 g/kg/day 71 g/day -- 19-30 y 0.88 g/kg/day 71 g/day -- 31-50 y 0.88 g/kg/day 71 g/day -- Riboflavin 14-18 y 1.2 mg/day 1.4 mg/day -- 19-30 y 1.2 mg/day 1.4 mg/day -- 31-50 y 1.2 mg/day 1.4 mg/day -- Selenium 14-18 y 49 µg/day 60 µg/day 400 µg/day 19-30 y 49 µg/day 60 µg/day 400 µg/day 31-50 y 49 µg/day 60 µg/day 400 µg/day Sodium 14-18 y -- 1.5 g/day 2.3 g/day 19-30 y -- 1.5 g/day 2.3 g/day 31-50 y -- 1.5 g/day 2.3 g/day Thiamin 14-18 y 1.2 mg/day 1.4 mg/day -- 19-30 y 1.2 mg/day 1.4 mg/day -- 31-50 y 1.2 mg/day 1.4 mg/day -- Vitamin Ai 14-18 y 530 μg RAE/day 750 μg RAE/day 2,800 μg/day 19-30 y 550 μg RAE/day 770 μg RAE/day 3,000 μg/day 31-50 y 550 μg RAE/day 770 μg RAE/day 3,000 μg/day Vitamin B6 14-18 y 1.6 mg/day 1.9 mg/day 80 mg/day 19-30 y 1.6 mg/day 1.9 mg/day 100 mg/day 31-50 y 1.6 mg/day 1.9 mg/day 100 mg/day continued
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320 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY TABLE B-2 Continued Nutrient EARa RDAb/AIc ULd Vitamin B12 14-18 y 2.2 µg/day 2.6 µg/day -- 19-30 y 2.2 µg/day 2.6 µg/day -- 31-50 y 2.2 µg/day 2.6 µg/day -- Vitamin C 14-18 y 66 mg/day 80 mg/day 1,800 mg/day 19-30 y 70 mg/day 85 mg/day 2,000 mg/day 31-50 y 70 mg/day 85 mg/day 2,000 mg/day Vitamin D 14-18 y -- 5.0 µg/dayj 50 µg/day 19-30 y -- 5.0 µg/dayj 50 µg/day 31-50 y -- 5.0 µg/dayj 50 µg/day Vitamin Ek 14-18 y 12 mg/day 15 mg/day 8,00 mg/day 19-30 y 12 mg/day 15 mg/day 1,000 mg/day 31-50 y 12 mg/day 15 mg/day 1,000 mg/day Vitamin K 14-18 y -- 75 µg/day -- 19-30 y -- 90 µg/day -- 31-50 y -- 90 µg/day -- Water (Total) l 14-18 y -- 3.0 L/day -- 19-30 y -- 3.0 L/day -- 31-50 y -- 3.0 L/day -- Zinc 14-18 y 10.5 mg/day 12 mg/day 34 mg/day 19-30 y 9.5 mg/day 11 mg/day 40 mg/day 31-50 y 9.5 mg/day 11 mg/day 40 mg/day NOTE: This table (taken from the DRI reports; see www.nap.edu)
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From page 321... ...
APPENDIX B 321 TABLE B-2 Continued are treated with the nutrient under medical supervision or to individuals with predisposing conditions that modify their sensitivity to the nutrient dUL = Tolerable Upper Intake Level. The UL is the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individual in the general population.
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322 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY TABLE B-3 Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges Range (percent of energy) Macronutrient 4-18 y Adults Fat 25-35 20-35 n-6 Polyunsaturated fatty acids*
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From page 323... ...
APPENDIX B 323 TRENDS IN ENERGY INTAKE AND MARKERS OF ENERGY DENSITY As the prevalence of obesity rises among childbearing-aged women and women entering pregnancy, important shifts in diet and physical activity have also occurred. In a recent study, Nielsen and colleagues (2002)
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324 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY ened beverage intake increased and milk consumption decreased between survey years 1977-1978 and 1999-2001 (Figure B-2) (Nielsen and Popkin, 2004)
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APPENDIX B 325 ined sub-groups of vegetables, mean intakes for childbearing-aged women were below the recommended amounts for all subgroups except for starchy vegetables (Figure B-3)
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326 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY score for the groups, "Dark Green and Orange Vegetables" and "Legumes" as well as whole grains. Intakes from SoFAAS were well below the recom mendations, as reflected in low scores on these components.
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APPENDIX B 327 the home. Analysis of trends in food supply data provide the same conclusions regarding trends in increasing energy intake and overall diet quality of Americans as self-reported survey data.
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328 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY REFERENCES Guenther P
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