Weight Gain During Pregnancy Reexamining the Guidelines (2009) / Chapter Skim
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appendix D Summary of Determinants of Gestational Weight Gain Table D-1 summarizes the literature that is referenced and discussed in Chapter 4, Determinants of Gestational Weight Gain.
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TABLE D-1 Summary of Literature on Determinants of Gestational Weight Gain 366 Determinants Findings/Interpretations Comments References Societal/Institutional Media The committee was unable to identify Media may exert its effects on gestational Gortmaker et al., 1996 studies that examined specifically the weight gain indirectly by influencing Gortmaker et al., 1999 media's influence on gestational weight prepregnancy BMI and other biological Robinson, 1999 gain. determinants, as well as eating habits and Kunkel, 2001 sedentary behaviors that are established Hastings et al., 2003 well before pregnancy.
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Health Services The committee found insufficient evidence Studies limited by self-selection bias, recall Rush, 1981 to evaluate the influence of prenatal weight bias, differences in time during gestation Orstead et al., 1985 gain advice on actual gestational weight when nutrition advice was given, variation Olds et al., 1986 gain. in content and frequency of advice, the Bruce and Tchabo, 1989 pairing of advice with other food or Brown et al., 1992 nonfood interventions, individual and social Morris et al., 1993 characteristics of the provider as contrasted Hickey, 2000 with those of the pregnant woman, and racial-ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in weight gain advice given to women.
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TABLE D-1 Continued 368 Determinants Findings/Interpretations Comments References Environmental The committee was unable to identify More research is needed on the Dar et al., 1992 Toxicants studies that examined specifically the relationships among environmental Wolff et al., 2007 effects of exposures to environmental toxicants, gestational weight gain, and fetal toxicants on gestational weight gain. growth.
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Interpersonal/Family Determinants Family Violence Several studies demonstrated lower weight More research is needed. McFarlane et al., 1996 gain and greater risk of inadequate weight Siega-Riz and Hobel, 1997 gain among abused pregnant women.
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TABLE D-1 Continued 370 Determinants Findings/Interpretations Comments References Prepregnancy Gestational weight gain is generally An important strategy for optimizing Voigt et al., 2007 BMI inversely proportional to prepregnancy gestational weight gain is to help women Chu et al., 2009 BMI.
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Sociodemographic Several studies reported higher The contributions of gestational weight Gross et al., 1980 Factors: prepregnancy BMI and lower gestational gain to birth outcomes, postpartum weight Endres et al., 1987 Older Women weight gain among older women. retention and subsequent overweight/ Cnattingius et al., 1992 obesity among older women remain unclear Prysak et al., 1995 and require further research.
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TABLE D-1 Continued 372 Determinants Findings/Interpretations Comments References Potentially Modifiable Maternal Factors Physiological Gestational weight gain may be related Swinburn et al., 1991 Factors: to changes in insulin sensitivity during Catalano et al., 1993 Insulin, Leptin, pregnancy which depends on maternal Catalano et al., 1998 and Hormonal pregravid metabolic status. Both leptin and Highman et al., 1998 Milieu adiponectin are correlated with various Catalano et al., 1999 components of maternal metabolism such Kirwan et al., 2002 as energy expenditure and adiposity, and Cnop, 2003 may influence gestational weight gain by Okereke et al., 2004 affecting maternal insulin sensitivity.
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Medical Factors: Sollid et al.
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TABLE D-1 Continued 374 Determinants Findings/Interpretations Comments References Psychological The committee found mixed evidence This relationship may vary according to Palmer et al., 1985 Factors: for the influences of maternal attitude on maternal prepregnancy BMI. Stevens-Simon et al., 1993a Attitude Toward actual gestational weight gain.
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Behavioral Several studies examining associations The major effects of substance use Rush, 1974 Factors: between decreasing GWG and amount (cigarette smoking, alcohol and drug use) Hanson et al., 1978 Substance Abuse of reported smoking show inconclusive on birth outcomes (e.g., birth defects, SGA)
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TABLE D-1 Continued 376 Determinants Findings/Interpretations Comments References Energy Balance The committee found that there remains a dearth of information to relate dietary intake or physical activity to gestational weight gain even though they are primary determinants of weight gain in non pregnant individuals. Vulnerable Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System Reed et al., 2005 Populations: (PNSS)
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APPENDIX D 377 REFERENCES Abraham S., A Taylor and J
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378 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY Butte N
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APPENDIX D 379 Cnop M., P
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380 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY Fallucca F., M
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APPENDIX D 381 Gortmaker S
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382 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY Highman T
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APPENDIX D 383 Lane S
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384 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY Nielsen J
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APPENDIX D 385 Polivy J
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386 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY Siega-Riz A
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APPENDIX D 387 Wagner C
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