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From page 707... ... appendix G Consultant Reports As part of its approach, the committee commissioned analyses from consultants to aid in decision making by providing information not readily available in current literature. Read the entire page →
From page 709... ... APPENDIX G 709 gestation, and two telephone interviews after birth when the child was approximately 6 and 18 months old. The women included in the cohort were mostly Caucasians as only 4 percent were born outside Scandinavia. Read the entire page →
From page 710... ... 710 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY cases covered vacuum extraction, and planned and emergency cesarean deliveries. The latter type covered cesarean section carried out when the woman was in labor. Read the entire page →
From page 711... ... APPENDIX G 711 liveries, all women with cesarean deliveries were excluded. In all adjusted models, Wald's test with nine degrees of freedom and a significance level of 0.05 (two sided p-value) Read the entire page →
From page 712... ... 712 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 100.0 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight Obese 10.0 Odds Ratio 1.0 0.1 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-1A Preeclampsia. NOTE: Full model. Read the entire page →
From page 713... ... APPENDIX G 713 0.150 Underweight Normal Weight 0.125 Overweight Obese 0.100 Risk 0.075 0.050 0.025 0.000 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-1B Preeclampsia. NOTE: Absolute risks derived from odds ratios. Read the entire page →
From page 714... ... 714 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 10.0 Odds Ratio 1.0 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight Obese 0.1 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-2A Hypertensive disorders. NOTE: Full model. Read the entire page →
From page 715... ... APPENDIX G 715 0.08 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight Obese 0.06 Risk 0.04 0.02 0.00 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-2B Hypertensive disorders. NOTE: Absolute risks derived from odds ratios. Read the entire page →
From page 716... ... 716 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 100.0 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight Obese Odds Ratio 10.0 1.0 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-3A Gestational diabetes. NOTE: Full model. Read the entire page →
From page 717... ... APPENDIX G 717 0.08 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight Obese 0.06 Risk 0.04 0.02 0.00 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-3B Gestational diabetes. NOTE: Absolute risks derived from odds ratios. Read the entire page →
From page 718... ... 718 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 10.00 1.00 Odds Ratio 0.10 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight Obese 0.01 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-4A Small-for-gestational-age infant (< 2.5 percent) Read the entire page →
From page 719... ... APPENDIX G 719 0.12 Underweight Normal Weight 0.10 Overweight Obese 0.08 Risk 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-4B Small-for-gestational-age infant (< 2.5 percent) Read the entire page →
From page 720... ... 720 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 10.0 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight Obese Odds Ratio 1.0 0.1 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-5A Small-for-gestational-age infant (< 10 percent) Read the entire page →
From page 721... ... APPENDIX G 721 0.50 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight 0.40 Obese 0.30 Risk 0.20 0.10 0.00 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-5B Small-for-gestational-age infant (< 10 percent) Read the entire page →
From page 722... ... 722 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 10.0 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight Obese Odds Ratio 1.0 0.1 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-6A Large-for-gestational-age infant (> 90 percent) Read the entire page →
From page 723... ... APPENDIX G 723 0.25 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight 0.20 Obese 0.15 Risk 0.10 0.05 0.00 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-6B Large-for-gestational-age infant (> 90 percent) Read the entire page →
From page 724... ... 724 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 10.0 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight Obese Odds Ratio 1.0 0.1 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-7A Birth weight > 4,000 g. NOTE: Full model. Read the entire page →
From page 725... ... APPENDIX G 725 0.30 Underweight Normal Weight 0.25 Overweight Obese 0.20 Risk 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-7B Birth weight > 4,000 g. NOTE: Absolute risks derived from odds ratios. Read the entire page →
From page 726... ... 726 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 10.0 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight Obese Odds Ratio 1.0 0.1 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-8A High Ponderal Index (> 90 percent) Read the entire page →
From page 727... ... APPENDIX G 727 0.150 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight 0.125 Obese 0.100 Risk 0.075 0.050 0.025 0.000 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-8B High Ponderal Index (> 90 percent) Read the entire page →
From page 728... ... 728 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 10.0 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight Obese Odds Ratio 1.0 0.1 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-9A Low Ponderal Index (< 10 percent) Read the entire page →
From page 729... ... APPENDIX G 729 0.25 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight 0.20 Obese 0.15 Risk 0.10 0.05 0.00 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-9B Low Ponderal Index (< 10 percent) Read the entire page →
From page 730... ... 730 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 10.0 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight Obese Odds Ratio 1.0 0.1 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-10A Cesarean delivery before labor. NOTE: Full model. Read the entire page →
From page 731... ... APPENDIX G 731 0.08 0.06 Risk 0.04 0.02 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight Obese 0.00 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-10B Cesarean delivery before labor. NOTE: Absolute risks derived from odds ratios. Read the entire page →
From page 732... ... 732 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 10.0 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight Obese Odds Ratio 1.0 0.1 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-11A Cesarean delivery during labor. NOTE: Full model. Read the entire page →
From page 733... ... APPENDIX G 733 0.30 Underweight Normal Weight 0.25 Overweight Obese 0.20 Risk 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-11B Cesarean delivery during labor. NOTE: Absolute risks derived from odds ratios. Read the entire page →
From page 734... ... 734 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 10.0 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight Obese Odds Ratio 1.0 0.1 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-12A Instrumental deliveries. NOTE: Full model. Read the entire page →
From page 735... ... APPENDIX G 735 0.30 0.25 0.20 Risk 0.15 0.10 Underweight Normal Weight 0.05 Overweight Obese 0.00 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-12B Instrumental deliveries. NOTE: Absolute risks derived from odds ratios. Read the entire page →
From page 736... ... 736 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 10.0 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight Obese Odds Ratio 1.0 0.1 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-13A Low Apgar score (< 8 after 5 minutes) Read the entire page →
From page 737... ... APPENDIX G 737 0.030 Underweight Normal Weight 0.025 Overweight Obese 0.020 Risk 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.000 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-13B Low Apgar score (< 8 after 5 minutes) Read the entire page →
From page 738... ... 738 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 10.0 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight Obese Odds Ratio 1.0 0.1 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-14A Post partum weight retention ≥ 5 kg at 6 months. NOTE: Full model. Read the entire page →
From page 739... ... APPENDIX G 739 0.60 Underweight Normal Weight 0.50 Overweight Obese 0.40 Risk 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-14B Post partum weight retention ≥ 5 kg at 6 months. NOTE: Absolute risks derived from odds ratios. Read the entire page →
From page 740... ... 740 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 10.0 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight Obese Odds Ratio 1.0 0.1 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-15A Post partum weight loss ≥ 2 kg at 6 months. NOTE: Full model. Read the entire page →
From page 741... ... APPENDIX G 741 0.70 Underweight Normal Weight 0.60 Overweight Obese 0.50 0.40 Risk 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-15B Post partum weight loss ≥ 2 kg at 6 months. NOTE: Absolute risks derived from odds ratios. Read the entire page →
From page 742... ... 742 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 10.0 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight Obese Odds Ratio 1.0 0.1 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-16A Post partum weight retention ≥ 5 kg at 18 months. NOTE: Full model. Read the entire page →
From page 743... ... APPENDIX G 743 0.30 Underweight Normal Weight 0.25 Overweight Obese 0.20 Risk 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-16B Post partum weight retention ≥ 5 kg at 18 months. NOTE: Absolute risks derived from odds ratios. Read the entire page →
From page 744... ... 744 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 10.0 Odds Ratio 1.0 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight Obese 0.1 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-17A Post partum weight loss ≥ 2 kg at 18 months. NOTE: Full model. Read the entire page →
From page 745... ... APPENDIX G 745 0.70 Underweight Normal Weight 0.60 Overweight Obese 0.50 0.40 Risk 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 Low Medium High Very High Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-17B Post partum weight loss ≥ 2 kg at 18 months. NOTE: Absolute risks derived from odds ratios. Read the entire page →
From page 746... ... 746 0.6 Underweight 0.6 Normal Weight SGA below 10% LGA above 90% 0.5 0.5 Emergency Cesarean Delivery 0.4 0.4 PPWR ≥ 5 kg at 6 Months 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 Low Medium High Very high Low Medium High Very high 0.6 0.6 Overweight Obese 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 Adjusted Absolute Risk 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 Low Medium High Very high Low Medium High Very high Gestational Weight Gain Category FIGURE G-18 GWG-specific absolute risks for SGA, LGA, emergency cesarean delivery and postpartum weight retention within each group. NOTE: Points present risks of a primiparous woman, age 25-29, height 1.60-1.69, nonsmoker, no alcohol consumption, high social APP G 280 days 18 PT 1 status, no exercise and FIGURE of gestation. Read the entire page →
From page 747... ... APPENDIX G 747 TABLE G-18A GWG-Specific Absolute Risks for SGA, LGA, Emergency Cesarean Delivery and Postpartum Weight Retention for Underweight Women < 10 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg ≥ 20 kg SGA 47.3% 22.1% 18.2% 10.5% LGA 1.1% 1.6% 4.4% 5.9% Emergency CD 6.7% 8.7% 8.3% 11.4% PPWR 7.9% 13.1% 27.6% 46.5% NOTE: CD = cesarean delivery; LGA = large-for-gestational age; PPWR = postpartum weight retention; SGA = small-for-gestational age. TABLE G-18B GWG-Specific Absolute Risks for SGA, LGA, Emergency Cesarean Delivery and Postpartum Weight Retention for Normal Weight Women < 10 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg ≥ 20 kg SGA 23.3% 14.0% 10.1% 7.1% LGA 2.9% 4.5% 7.2% 11.6% Emergency CD 7.6% 9.0% 11.2% 13.7% PPWR 5.6% 13.0% 26.1% 49.7% NOTE: CD = cesarean delivery; LGA = large-for-gestational age; PPWR = postpartum weight retention; SGA = small-for-gestational age. Read the entire page →
From page 748... ... 748 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY • Figures G-11A/G-11B (Tables G-11A/G-11B) : Caesarean delivery during labor (emergency) Read the entire page →
From page 749... ... APPENDIX G 749 Second DNBC Report At the IOM workshop in Washington, DC, in June 2008, the IOM committee found the additive approach with presentation of absolute adjusted risks across BMI groups useful and informative. They asked for additional analyses of some of the most important outcomes where one more obese class and two more GWG groups were included. Read the entire page →
From page 750... ... 750 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 10 Underweight Normal Weight Overweight Obese Extremely Obese Odds Ratio 1 0.1 < 5 kg 5-9 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg Gestational Weight Gain FIGURE G-19A Small-for-gestational-age infant (< 10 percentile) Read the entire page →
From page 751... ... APPENDIX G 751 70% Underweight Normal Weight 60% Overweight Obese 50% Extremely Obese Absolute Adjusted Risk 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% < 5 kg 5-9 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg Gestational Weight Gain FIGURE G-19B Small-for-gestational-age infant (< 10 percentile) Read the entire page →
From page 752... ... 752 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 10 Odds Ratio 1 Underweight Normalweight Weight Overweight Obese Extremely Obese Extremelyobese 0.1 < 5 kg 5-9 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg Gestational Weight Gain FIGURE G-20A Large-for-gestational-age infant (> 90 percentile) Read the entire page →
From page 753... ... APPENDIX G 753 70% Underweight 60% Normal Weight Overweight Absolute Adjusted Risk 50% Obese Extremely Obese ExtremelyObese 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% < 5 kg 5-9 kg 20 -24 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg Gestational Weight Gain FIGURE G-20B Large-for-gestational-age infant (> 90 percentile) Read the entire page →
From page 754... ... 754 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 10 Odds Ratio 1 9 kg Underweight NormalWeight Weight Overweight Obese Extremely Obese ExtremelyObese 0.1 < 5 kg 5-9 kg 5 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-19 kg ≥ 25 kg Gestational Weight Gain FIGURE G-21A Emergency cesarean deliveries. NOTE: Full model. Read the entire page →
From page 755... ... APPENDIX G 755 70% Underweight NormalWeight Weight 60% Overweight Absolute Adjusted Risk Obese 50% Extremely Obese ExtremelyObese 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% < 5 kg 5-9 kg 5 10-15 kg 10 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg Gestational Weight Gain FIGURE G-21B Emergency cesarean deliveries. NOTE: Absolute risks derived from odds ratios. Read the entire page →
From page 756... ... 756 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 10 Odds Ratio 1 Underweight NormalWeight Weight Overweight Obese Extremely Obese ExtremelyObese 0.1 < 5 kg 5-9 5 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg Gestational Weight Gain FIGURE G-22A Postpartum weight retention ≥ 5 kg at 6 months. NOTE: Full model. Read the entire page →
From page 757... ... APPENDIX G 757 70% Underweight Normal Weight 60% Overweight Obese 50% Absolute Adjusted Risk Extremely Obese 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% < 5 kg 5-9 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg Gestational Weight Gain FIGURE G-22B Postpartum weight retention ≥ 5 kg at 6 months. NOTE: Absolute risks derived from odds ratios. Read the entire page →
From page 758... ... 758 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 70% Underweight 70% Normal Weight 60% 60% Absolute Adjusted Risk 50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% < 5 kg 5-9 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg < 5 kg 5-9 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg Gestational Weight Gain Gestational Weight Gain 70% Overweight 70% Obese 60% 60% Absolute Adjusted Risk 50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% < 5 kg 5-9 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg < 5 kg 5-9 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg Gestational Weight Gain Gestational Weight Gain 70% Extremely Obese Small-for -gestational-age 60% Absolute Adjusted Risk 50% Large-for-gestational-age 40% Emergency caesarean Delivery Cesarean delivery 30% Postpartum Weightretention weight Retention 20% 10% 0% < 5 kg 5-9 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg Gestational Weight Gain FIGURE G-23 GWG-specific absolute risks for SGA, LGA, emergency cesarean delivery and postpartum weight retention within each BMI group. NOTE: Absolute 23 PT 1 APP G FIGURE risks derived from odds ratios. Read the entire page →
From page 759... ... APPENDIX G 759 • Only for underweight, normal weight and overweight women was GWG < 5 kg associated with substantial risk of SGA. • Extremely obese women had risks similar to obese women except for emergency cesarean delivery. Read the entire page →
From page 760... ... 760 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY • Small-for-gestational-age infant (< 10th percentile) • Large-for-gestational-age infant (> 90th percentile) Read the entire page →
From page 761... ... APPENDIX G 761 tion, she breastfed < 14 weeks. The same characteristics applied for "a short woman," only she was < 1.60 m tall. Read the entire page →
From page 762... ... 70% 70% Underweight Normal Weight SGA 762 60% 60% LGA 50% 50% Emergency Cesarean Section 40% 40% Postpartum Weight Retention 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% Absolute Adjusted Risk 0% 0% < 10 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 Gestational Weight Gain (kg) Gestational Weight Gain (kg) Read the entire page →
From page 763... ... TABLE G-23 Unexposed Primiparae, GWG–Specific Risks of Pregnancy Outcomes < 5 kg < 10 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg Underweight SGA 0.46 0.20 0.14 0.11 0.06 (0.36; 0.56) Read the entire page →
From page 764... ... TABLE G-23 Continued 764 < 5 kg < 10 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg Overweight SGA 0.16 0.16 0.10 0.08 0.07 0.05 (0.11; 0.24) Read the entire page →
From page 765... ... . 70% 70% Underweight Normal Weight 60% 60% SGA 50% 50% LGA 40% 40% Emergency Cesarean Section 30% 30% Postpartum Weight Retention 20% 20% 10% 10% Absolute Adjusted Risk 0% 0% < 10 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 Gestational Weight Gain (kg) Read the entire page →
From page 766... ... TABLE G-24 Short Primiparae, GWG–Specific Risks of Pregnancy Outcomes 766 < 5 kg < 10 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg Underweight SGA 0.57 0.28 0.20 0.17 0.08 (0.46; 0.67) Read the entire page →
From page 767... ... Overweight SGA 0.23 0.23 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.08 (0.16; 0.33) Read the entire page →
From page 768... ... 70% 70% Underweight Normal Weight 768 60% 60% SGA 50% 50% LGA Emergency Cesarean Section 40% 40% Postpartum Weight Retention 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% Absolute Adjusted Risk 0% 0% < 10 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 Gestational Weight Gain (kg) Gestational Weight Gain (kg) Read the entire page →
From page 769... ... TABLE G-25 Smoking Primiparae, GWG–Specific Risks of Pregnancy Outcomes < 5 kg < 10 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg Underweight SGA 0.67 0.38 0.28 0.24 0.12 (0.57; 0.76) Read the entire page →
From page 770... ... TABLE G-25 Continued 770 < 5 kg < 10 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg Overweight SGA 0.32 0.23 0.20 0.17 0.15 0.12 (0.31; 0.33) Read the entire page →
From page 771... ... 70% 70% Underweight Normal Weight 60% 60% SGA 50% 50% LGA Emergency Cesarean Section 40% 40% Postpartum Weight Retention 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% Absolute Adjusted Risk 0% 0% < 10 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 Gestational Weight Gain (kg) Gestational Weight Gain (kg) Read the entire page →
From page 772... ... TABLE G-26 Young Primiparae, GWG–Specific Risks of Pregnancy Outcomes 772 < 5 kg < 10 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg Underweight SGA 0.33 0.13 0.09 0.07 0.03 (0.22; 0.46) Read the entire page →
From page 773... ... Overweight SGA 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 (0.06; 0.17) Read the entire page →
From page 774... ... 70% 70% Underweight Normal Weight 774 60% 60% SGA 50% 50% LGA 40% Emergency Cesarean Section 40% Postpartum Weight Retention 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% Absolute Adjusted Risk 0% 0% < 10 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 Gestational Weight Gain (kg) Gestational Weight Gain (kg) Read the entire page →
From page 775... ... TABLE G-27 Unexposed Multiparae, GWG–Specific Risks of Pregnancy Outcomes < 5 kg < 10 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg Underweight SGA 0.27 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.04 (0.19; 0.36) Read the entire page →
From page 776... ... TABLE G-27 Continued 776 < 5 kg < 10 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg Overweight SGA 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.03 (0.06; 0.13) Read the entire page →
From page 777... ... 70% 70% Underweight Normal Weight 60% 60% SGA 50% 50% LGA Emergency Cesarean Section 40% 40% Postpartum Weight Retention 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% Absolute Adjusted Risk 0% 0% < 10 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 Gestational Weight Gain (kg) Gestational Weight Gain (kg) Read the entire page →
From page 778... ... TABLE G-28 Short Multiparae, GWG–Specific Risks of Pregnancy Outcomes 778 < 5 kg < 10 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg Underweight SGA 0.40 0.18 0.18 0.12 0.07 (0.30; 0.52) Read the entire page →
From page 779... ... Overweight SGA 0.15 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.05 (0.10; 0.21) Read the entire page →
From page 780... ... 70% 70% Underweight Normal Weight 780 60% 60% SGA 50% 50% LGA Emergency Cesarean Section 40% 40% Postpartum Weight Retention 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% Absolute Adjusted Risk 0% 0% < 10 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 Gestational Weight Gain (kg) Gestational Weight Gain (kg) Read the entire page →
From page 781... ... TABLE G-29 Smoking Multiparae, GWG–Specific Risks of Pregnancy Outcomes < 5 kg < 10 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg Underweight SGA 0.53 0.27 0.26 0.18 0.11 (0.42; 0.64) Read the entire page →
From page 782... ... TABLE G-29 Continued 782 < 5 kg < 10 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg Overweight SGA 0.22 0.16 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.09 (0.16; 0.30) Read the entire page →
From page 783... ... . 70% 70% Unexposed Primiparae Small-for-gestational-age Large-for-gestational-age 60% 60% Young Primiparae Short Primiparae 50% 50% Smoking Primiparae Unexposed Multiparae 40% 40% Short Multiparae 30% 30% Smoking Multiparae 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% < 10 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 < 10 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 70% 70% Emergency Cesarean Delivery Postpartum Weight Retention 60% 60% Absolute Adjusted Risk 50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% < 10 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 < 10 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 Gestational Weight Gain (kg) Read the entire page →
From page 784... ... 70% 70% Unexposed Primiparae 784 Small-for-gestational-age Large-for-gestational-age 60% 60% Young Primiparae Short Primiparae 50% 50% Smoking Primiparae Unexposed Multiparae 40% 40% Short Multiparae 30% Smoking Multiparae 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 70% 70% Emergency Cesarean Delivery Postpartum Weight Retention 60% 60% Absolute Adjusted Risk 50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 Gestational Weight Gain (kg) FIGURE G-32 GWG-specific risk of pregnancy outcomes in subtypes of normal weight women. Read the entire page →
From page 785... ... 70% 70% Unexposed Primiparae Small-for-gestational-age Large-for-gestational-age 60% 60% Young Primiparae Short Primiparae 50% 50% Smoking Primiparae Unexposed Multiparae 40% 40% Short Multiparae 30% 30% Smoking Multiparae 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 70% 70% Emergency Cesarean Delivery Postpartum Weight Retention 60% 60% Absolute Adjusted Risk 50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 Gestational Weight Gain (kg) 785 FIGURE G-33 GWG-specific risk of pregnancy outcomes in subtypes of overweight women. Read the entire page →
From page 786... ... 70% 70% Unexposed Primiparae Small-for-gestational-age Large-for-gestational-age 786 60% 60% Young Primiparae Short Primiparae 50% 50% Smoking Primiparae Unexposed Multiparae 40% 40% Short Multiparae 30% Smoking Multiparae 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 70% 70% Emergency Cesarean Delivery Postpartum Weight Retention 60% 60% Absolute Adjusted Risk 50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 Gestational Weight Gain (kg) FIGURE G-34 GWG-specific risk of pregnancy outcomes in subtypes of obese women. Read the entire page →
From page 787... ... APPENDIX G 787 For emergency cesarean delivery and postpartum weight retention, the above analyses were repeated with adjustment for birth weight. When adjusted for birth weight, the presented absolute risk was that of a woman giving birth to a 3,500-3,999 g infant. Read the entire page →
From page 788... ... 70% 70% Unexposed Primiparae 788 60% Emergency Cesarean Delivery 60% Emergency Cesarean Delivery Young Primiparae Adjusted for Birth Weight Short Primiparae 50% 50% Smoking Primiparae Unexposed Multiparae 40% 40% Short Multiparae 30% 30% Smoking Multiparae 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% < 10 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 < 10 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 70% 70% Postpartum Weight Retention Postpartum Weight Retention 60% 60% Adjusted for Birth Weight Absolute Adjusted Risk 50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% < 10 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 < 10 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 Gestational Weight Gain (kg) Gestational weight gain (kg) Read the entire page →
From page 789... ... APPENDIX G 789 TABLE G-30A Emergency Cesarean Delivery (CS) in Different Types of Underweight Women by GWG < 10 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg Unexposed primipara 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.12 Young primipara 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.09 Short primipara 0.16 0.14 0.16 0.20 0.21 Smoking primipara 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.11 0.11 Unexposed multipara 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 Short multipara 0.01 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.08 Smoking multipara 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.05 TABLE G-30B Emergency Cesarean Delivery (CS) Read the entire page →
From page 790... ... 70% 70% Emergency Cesarean Delivery Emergency Cesarean Delivery Unexposed Primiparae 790 60% 60% Adjusted for Birth Weight Young Primiparae Short Primiparae 50% 50% Smoking Primiparae Unexposed Multiparae 40% 40% Short Multiparae 30% Smoking Multiparae 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 70% 70% Postpartum Weight Retention Postpartum Weight Retention 60% Adjusted for Birth Weight 60% 50% Absolute Adjusted Risk 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 Gestational Weight Gain (kg) FIGURE G-36 Normal weight women, emergency cesarean delivery (CS) Read the entire page →
From page 791... ... APPENDIX G 791 TABLE G-31A Emergency Cesarean Delivery (CS) in Different Types of Normal Weight Women by GWG < 5 kg 5-9 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg 25+ kg Unexposed primipara 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.11 0.12 0.15 Young primipara 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.11 Short primipara 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.26 Smoking primipara 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 Unexposed multipara 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 Short multipara 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.10 Smoking multipara 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.07 TABLE G-31B Emergency Cesarean Delivery (CS) Read the entire page →
From page 792... ... 70% 70% Unexposed Primiparae Emergency Cesarean Delivery Emergency Cesarean Delivery 792 60% 60% Young Primiparae Adjusted for Birth Weight Short Primiparae 50% 50% Smoking Primiparae Unexposed Multiparae 40% 40% Short Multiparae 30% 30% Smoking Multiparae 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 70% 70% Postpartum Weight Retention Postpartum Weight Retention 60% 60% Adjusted for Birth Weight Absolute Adjusted Risk 50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 Gestational Weight Gain (kg) FIGURE G-37 Overweight women, emergency cesarean delivery (CS) Read the entire page →
From page 793... ... APPENDIX G 793 TABLE G-32A Emergency Cesarean Delivery (CS) in Different Types of Overweight Women by GWG < 5 kg 5-9 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg Unexposed primipara 0.13 0.11 0.14 0.16 0.17 0.22 Young primipara 0.09 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.17 Short primipara 0.23 0.21 0.25 0.28 0.29 0.36 Smoking primipara 0.12 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.21 Unexposed multipara 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.07 Short multipara 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.12 0.08 0.13 Smoking multipara 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.05 0.09 TABLE G-32B Emergency Cesarean Delivery (CS) Read the entire page →
From page 794... ... 70% 70% Unexposed Primiparae 794 60% Emergency Cesarean Delivery 60% Emergency Cesarean Delivery Young Primiparae Adjusted for Birth Weight Short Primiparae 50% 50% Smoking Primiparae Unexposed Multiparae 40% 40% Short Multiparae 30% Smoking Multiparae 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 70% 70% 60% Postpartum Weight Retention Postpartum Weight Retention 60% Adjusted for Birth Weight Absolute Adjusted Risk 50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 <5 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 ≥ 25 Gestational Weight Gain (kg) FIGURE G-38 Obese women, emergency cesarean delivery (CS) Read the entire page →
From page 795... ... APPENDIX G 795 TABLE G-33A Emergency Cesarean Delivery (CS) in Different Types of Obese Women by GWG < 5 kg 5-9 kg 10-15 kg 16-19 kg 20-24 kg ≥ 25 kg Unexposed primipara 0.15 0.15 0.20 0.21 0.19 0.26 Young primipara 0.11 0.11 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.20 Short primipara 0.26 0.26 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.41 Smoking primipara 0.14 0.14 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.24 Unexposed multipara 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.10 0.12 0.16 Short multipara 0.08 0.11 0.13 0.17 0.21 0.26 Smoking multipara 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.12 0.14 0.19 TABLE G-33B Emergency Cesarean Delivery (CS) Read the entire page →
From page 796... ... 796 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY end of the recommended range. Only risk of emergency cesarean deliveries was uniquely high in short primiparae, which was prob ably related to pelvic size and prepregnancy BMI and not to gain, since the risk did not vary with GWG. Read the entire page →
From page 797... ... APPENDIX G 797 health concerns have arisen, including the greater prevalence of women who are overweight or obese entering pregnancy, which puts them at high risk for pregnancy complications. More women are becoming pregnant at an older age and enter pregnancy with chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes, which also puts them at risk for pregnancy complications and may lead to increased morbidity during their post-pregnancy years. Read the entire page →
From page 798... ... 798 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY Gestational Weight Gain Gestational weight gain in NMIHS is available from either maternal self-report at the time of questionnaire (mean 17 months postpartum with range 6 to 31 months) or from medical care provider report (Figure G-39) Read the entire page →
From page 799... ... APPENDIX G 799 Weight Gain (lbs) FIGURE G-39 Empirical distribution of weight gain in NMIHS. Read the entire page →
From page 800... ... 800 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY based on the IOM (1990) recommended first trimester gain, extrapolating them to gestational ages other than 40 weeks. Read the entire page →
From page 801... ... APPENDIX G 801 ing pregnancy, parity (multiparous versus nulliparous) , gestational age at delivery (linear) Read the entire page →
From page 802... ... 802 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY TABLE G-35 Predicted Cesarean Delivery Probabilities by Pregravid BMI Cesarean Delivery Probabilities (95% CI) Pregravid BMI Observed Data IOM Gain Oken Gain Underweight 0.17 (0.14, 0.21) Read the entire page →
From page 803... ... APPENDIX G 803 0.11 0.1 0.09 0.08 Pr(PTB) 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 –1 –0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Weight Gain Rate/Week (lbs) Read the entire page →
From page 804... ... 804 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY FIGURE G-43 Birth weight by weight gain (lbs) Read the entire page →
From page 805... ... APPENDIX G 805 0.9 Observed Data 0.8 Follow Current Rec Follow Alternate Rec 0.7 0.6 0.5 Density 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Birth Weight FIGURE G-44 Birth weight density, predicted birth weight distribution by hypothetical weight gain. model based on backward selection; predictors retained in the final model include maternalG FIGURE 6 (WHO categories) Read the entire page →
From page 806... ... 806 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY White, Underweight White, Normal Weight 1 1 Pr(SGA) Read the entire page →
From page 807... ... APPENDIX G 807 Black, Underweight Black, Normal Weight 1 1 Pr(SGA) Read the entire page →
From page 808... ... 808 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY White, Underweight White, Normal Weight 1 1 Pr(LGA) Read the entire page →
From page 809... ... APPENDIX G 809 Black, Underweight Black, Normal Weight 1 1 Pr(LGA) Read the entire page →
From page 810... ... 810 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 0.045 0.04 0.035 0.03 0.025 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0 –100 –50 0 50 100 150 Postpartum Weight Retention FIGURE G-49 Postpartum weight retention, 6-12 months. smoking during postpartum (none, 1-10 cigarettes per day, > 10 cigarettes APP G FIGURE 11 PT 2 per day) Read the entire page →
From page 811... ... APPENDIX G 811 Underweight Normal 30 30 Weight Retention Weight Retention 20 20 10 10 0 0 –10 –10 –20 0 20 40 60 80 –20 0 20 40 60 80 Weight Gain Weight Gain Overweight Obese 30 30 Weight Retention Weight Retention 20 20 10 10 0 0 –10 –10 –20 0 20 40 60 80 –20 0 20 40 60 80 Weight Gain Weight Gain FIGURE G-50 Postpartum weight retention (lbs) , 6-12 months, by pregravid BMI and weight gain (lbs) Read the entire page →
From page 813... ... APPENDIX G 813 TABLE G-39 Characteristics of Singleton Births, New York City, 19952003, n = 34,307 Characteristic N (percent) Gestational weight gain, kg Mean (standard deviation) Read the entire page →
From page 814... ... 814 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY TABLE G-39 Continued Characteristic N (percent) Term LGA > 90 percentile Yes 3,242 (10.2) Read the entire page →
From page 815... ... APPENDIX G 815 TABLE G-40A Bivariate Association between BMI and Characteristics of Singleton Births, New York City, 1995-2003, n = 34,307 Body Mass Index Underweight Normal Weight Overweight Obese N = 1,632 N = 19,892 N = 7,893 N = 4,890 N (percent) N (percent) Read the entire page →
From page 816... ... 816 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY TABLE G-40B Bivariate Association between Rate of Gestational Weight Gain and Race/Ethnicity Among Singleton Births, New York City, 19952003, n = 34,307 Rate of Gestational Weight Gaina Lower Tertile Middle Tertile Upper Tertile N = 11,250 N = 11,416 N = 11,641 Maternal race/ethnicity N (percent) N (percent) Read the entire page →
From page 817... ... APPENDIX G 817 TABLE G-40E Bivariate Association between Gestational Weight Gain and Race/Ethnicity Among Singleton Births, New York City, 1995-2003, n = 913,290 Gestational Weight Gain 0-9 kg 10-14 kg 15-19 kg 20+ kg N = 234,764 N = 333,968 N = 223,366 N = 121,192 Maternal race/ethnicity N (percent) N (percent) Read the entire page →
From page 818... ... 818 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY TABLE G-41 Percent of Singleton Births with and Without Maternal Height, New York City, 1995-2003 Height Recorded Height Missing Characteristic (N = 34,307) Read the entire page →
From page 819... ... APPENDIX G 819 Statistical Analysis Analyses were restricted to singleton births with complete information on all measures and were performed using SAS Version 9.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina) and Stata Version 10 (Stata Corp, College Station, Texas) Read the entire page →
From page 820... ... 820 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY TABLE G-42 Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for the Association of Rate of Gestational Weight Gain with Preterm Birth < 37 Weeks vs Term Birth ≥ 37 Weeks among Singleton Births, New York City, 1995-2003, n = 34,307 Rate of Gestational Weight Gaina Lower Tertile Middle Tertile Upper Tertile Overall, unadjusted 1.3 (1.2, 1.5) Read the entire page →
From page 821... ... APPENDIX G 821 TABLE G-43 Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for the Association of Rate of Gestational Weight Gain with Spontaneous Preterm Birth < 37 Weeks vs. Term Birth ≥ 37 Weeks among Singleton Births, New York City, 1995-2003, n = 33,615 Rate of Gestational Weight Gaina Lower Tertile Middle Tertile Upper Tertile Overall, unadjusted 1.3 (1.2, 1.5) Read the entire page →
From page 822... ... 822 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY TABLE G-44 Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for the Association of Rate of Gestational Weight Gain with Primary Cesarean Delivery vs. Vaginal Delivery among Singleton Births, New York City, 1995-2003, n = 29,797 Rate of Gestational Weight Gaina Lower Tertile Middle Tertile Upper Tertile Overall, unadjusted 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) Read the entire page →
From page 823... ... APPENDIX G 823 TABLE G-45 Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for the Association of Gestational Weight Gain with Term Small-for-Gestational Age among Singleton Births, New York City, 1995-2003, n = 31,760 Gestational Weight Gain 0-9 kg 10-14 kg 15-19 kg 20+ kg Overall, unadjusted 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) Read the entire page →
From page 824... ... 824 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY TABLE G-46 Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for the Association of Gestational Weight Gain with Term Large-for-Gestational Age among Singleton Births, New York City, 1995-2003, n = 31,760 Gestational Weight Gain 0-9 kg 10-14 kg 15-19 kg 20+ kg Overall, unadjusted 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) Read the entire page →
From page 825... ... APPENDIX G 825 TABLE G-47A Adjusteda Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for the Association of Rate of Gestational Weight Gain with Preterm Birth < 37 Weeks among Singleton Births, New York City, 1995-2003, n = 34,307 Rate of Gestational Weight Gainb Lower Tertile Middle Tertile Upper Tertile Overall 1.3 (1.1, 1.4) Read the entire page →
From page 826... ... 826 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY TABLE G-47B Adjusteda Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for the Association of Rate of Gestational Weight Gain with Spontaneous Preterm Birth < 37 Weeks vs. Term Birth ≥ 37 Weeks among Singleton Births, New York City, 1995-2003, n = 33,615 Rate of Gestational Weight Gainb Lower Tertile Middle Tertile Upper Tertile Overall 1.3 (1.1, 1.4) Read the entire page →
From page 827... ... APPENDIX G 827 TABLE G-47C Adjusteda Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for the Association of Rate of Gestational Weight Gain with Primary Cesarean Delivery vs. Vaginal Delivery among Singleton Births, New York City, 1995-2003, n = 29,797 Rate of Gestational Weight Gainb Lower Tertile Middle Tertile Upper Tertile Overall 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) Read the entire page →
From page 828... ... 828 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY TABLE G-47D Adjusteda Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for the Association of Gestational Weight Gain with Term Small-forGestational Age among Singleton Births, New York City, 1995-2003, n = 31,760 Gestational Weight Gain 0-9 kg 10-14 kg 15-19 kg 20+ kg Overall 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) Read the entire page →
From page 829... ... APPENDIX G 829 TABLE G-47E Adjusteda Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for the Association of Gestational Weight Gain with Term Large-forGestational Age among Singleton Births, New York City, 1995-2003, n = 31,760 Gestational Weight Gain 0-9 kg 10-14 kg 15-19 kg 20+ kg Overall 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) Read the entire page →
From page 830... ... 830 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 2.0 1.5 * Odds Ratio (95% CI) Read the entire page →
From page 831... ... 0 9 T1 T110 kg: -u * Odds Ratio (95% CI) Read the entire page →
From page 832... ... 832 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 10.0 * Odds Ratio (95% CI) Read the entire page →
From page 833... ... APPENDIX G 833 For each endpoint, the expected number of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) lost over the lifetime of the mother and child was estimated. Read the entire page →
From page 834... ... 834 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY prevalence using the four BMI classes and seven GWG classes (< 0, 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, ≥ 25 kg) Read the entire page →
From page 835... ... APPENDIX G 835 TABLE G-48B Infant Mortality (Herring) Read the entire page →
From page 836... ... 836 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY for this factor is viewed as negligible in comparison with other uncertainties and approximations in the risk tradeoff calculations. The figure might also be adjusted downward if it is considered appropriate to discount the value of future life years. Read the entire page →
From page 837... ... APPENDIX G 837 of a woman's life and using estimates of how mortality and health-related quality of life vary with BMI. First, average retained weight conditional on retaining at least 5 kg at 6 months post-partum is estimated as 10 kg (based in part on data from committee member Barbara Abrams suggesting that roughly half of women who retain at least 5 kg retain at least 10 kg) Read the entire page →
From page 838... ... 838 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY Assuming these HRQL increments persist for the remainder of the woman's life (estimated as 50 years) and using midpoint values of BMI within BMI class (assumed value = 37 for obese class II) Read the entire page →
From page 839... ... APPENDIX G 839 TABLE G-50 Childhood Obesity BMI GWG Rate (kg/wk) Read the entire page →
From page 840... ... 840 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY 9 Underweight 8 Normal Weight 7 Overweight 6 Obese 5 4 3 2 1 0 –1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 –2 GWG (kg) FIGURE G-57 Total expected quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) Read the entire page →
From page 841... ... APPENDIX G 841 7 Underweight 6 Normal Weight 5 Overweight Obese 4 3 2 1 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 GWG (kg) FIGURE G-58 Total expected quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) Read the entire page →
From page 842... ... 842 WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY IOM (Institute of Medicine) Read the entire page →

From page 707...

... appendix G Consultant Reports As part of its approach, the committee commissioned analyses from consultants to aid in decision making by providing information not readily available in current literature.