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From page 315... ... Index A recommendations, 25, 215 research requirement, 261-262 Accreditation sanctions, 196 ABA recommendation, 194 status, 199-200 and admissibility of evidence, 194 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical ASCLD/LAB, 69, 74, 77, 169, 171, 197 Education, 256, 261 200, 205, 206, 207-208, 214 ACE-V process, 105-106, 137, 138-139, of certification organizations, 74-75 140, 141, 142-143 CLIA legislation, 195, 196 Admissibility of forensic evidence. See continuing education programs, 197 also Expert testimony; Litigation; cycle, 198 individual disciplines data reporting standards, 21, 189 accreditation and, 194 of death investigation systems, 49-50, appellate review standard, 10, 11, 85, 294, 246, 252, 258-259, 261-262, 92, 97, 102 265 autopsy, 9 education or training requirements for, Daubert decision, 8, 9-10, 11-12, 90-93, 197, 231-232 95-98, 99 n.37, 101-109, 110, 127 of education programs, 75, 197, 225, n.1, 142, 194, 204, 234, 238, 289 228-229, 237 discretion of trial judges, 10, 11, 92, 96 inspector training, 199 97, 108 key elements, 195 education of judicial community and, of laboratories, 6, 21, 41, 47, 48, 53, 234 68, 69, 77, 132, 136, 190, 195-200, Federal Rule of Evidence 401, 108 205, 207 n.82 mandatory programs, 48, 194, 199-200, Federal Rule of Evidence 702, 9-10, 89, 214 90-92, 95, 101 meaning of, 195 fingerprint analyses, 9, 12 n.24, 43, 102 noncompliance reporting, 198-199 106, 142, 143 organizations, 16, 196, 197-200 Frye standard, 88-89, 90-91, 95, 99 n.57 proficiency testing for, 208 handwriting, 107 315 Read the entire page →
From page 316... ... , 64, 68, 74, 76, Biological evidence. See also Blood; DNA; 209, 214, 221, 231, 232, 233, 235 Saliva; Semen Laboratory Accreditation Board, 69, 74, analyses, 60, 130-132 77, 169, 171, 197-200, 205, 206, characteristics, 128 207-208, 214 laboratories, 68, 70 Anthrax bioterroism attacks, 254, 281 reporting of results, 132 Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 69, sample data and collection, 129-130 280 summary assessment, 133 Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory, Biotoxins and biological agents, 70 65, 67, 69, 280, 281 Bite mark analysis. Read the entire page →
From page 317... ... , 40, Bloodstain pattern analysis 61, 66, 67, 100, 131-132, 197 analyses, 177-178 Computer crime investigations, 60. See also bias in,178 Digital and multimedia analysis certification, 178, 210 Controlled substance evidence crime scene/event reconstruction, 177 admissibility, 9, 101-102 guidelines, 202 analyses, 60, 117, 134-135 investigators, 64 backlog of cases, 39 reporting of results, 132 certification, 210 sample data and collection, 177 characteristics, 133 scientific basis, 158-179 error sources and rates, 116-117, 135 summary assessment, 178-179 personnel and equipment shortages, Botanical evidence, 128, 134, 161. Read the entire page →
From page 318... ... Secret Samples for the Identification of Service Remains, 69 Department of Justice. See also Bureau automotive carpet fiber, 73 of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and CEASEFIRE, 151 Explosives CODIS, 40, 61, 66, 67, 100, 131-132, Computer Crime and Intellectual 197 Property Section, 181 DRUGFIRE database, 151 definition of backlogged cases, 39 Electronic Crime Portfolio, 71, 72-73 grant programs, 13, 28, 62-63, 66, 80, EXPeRT, 67 210-211, 213, 266 Explosives Reference File, 67 judicial training program, 235 FBI, 40, 65-66, 67, 73, 131-132, 151, leadership potential in forensic science, 197 17, 80 fingerprints, see Automated Fingerprint missions, 17, 80 Identification System; Integrated Office of Inspector General, 45-46, 68, Automated Fingerprint Identification 105, 211, 212, 213, 274 System proficiency test design, 207 funding, 73 Digital and multimedia analysis, 64 Joint Federal Agencies Intelligence DNA certification, 181 Database, 281 computer examination, 180-182 MECISP, 263 crimes and devices associated with, 179, NamUs, 245 180 National Automotive Paint File, 67, education and training, 181, 220 118 sample data and collection, 180 National Violent Death Review System, search and seizure, 181-182 263 DNA evidence NCIC UP/MP, 244-245 accreditation of laboratories, 41, 68, NIBIN, 151, 152, 153 132, 197-198, 200, 207 Paint Data Query database, 67, 168 admissibility, 9, 41, 99-101, 103, 104, Standard Ammunition File, 67 107, 133 toolmarks and firearms, 67, 151, 152, amplification, 131 153 analytical methods, 13, 130-132, 133 Western Identification Network, ascendancy of, 4, 40-41 270-271 backlog of cases, 14, 39, 40, 72, 187, Death investigation systems. Read the entire page →
From page 319... ... See also Admissibility challenges and improvement of forensic evidence; Interpretation opportunities, 14, 224-229 of forensic evidence; Reporting of continuing education, 197, 218, 231, results 233-234, 236, 259-260 access to, 11, 98 Read the entire page →
From page 320... ... See Ballistics F evidence; Toolmark and firearm identification Falsification of evidence, 44, 45, 193 Footwear and tire impressions Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) analyses, 36, 64, 146-148 biased cases, 45-46 biases, 149 case backlogs, 66 certification in, 78, 147-148, 210 case types, 65 characteristics, 146-147, 149 Counterterrorism and Forensic Science proficiency testing, 147-148 Research Unit, 73 reporting of results, 148-149, 150 databases and reference libraries, 40, sample data and collection, 146 65-66, 67, 73, 131-132, 151, 197 scientific interpretation, 43, 148-149 forensic laboratories and services, 16, scientific validity and reliability, 149 65-66, 67, 70, 73, 79, 131, 132, SWGTREAD standards, 148-149, 150, 140-141, 202-203 203 friction ridge analysis apprenticeship, summary assessment, 149-150 140-141 training and expertise of examiners, 145, funding for research, 15, 66, 73, 78 147, 148 Joint Terrorism Task Force, 283 Forensic anthropology, 73, 220 Latent Fingerprint Unit, 46 Forensic art, 64, 77, 210 leadership potential in forensic science, Forensic laboratories. Read the entire page →
From page 321... ... See also Automated case backlogs, 61-62 Fingerprint Identification System; challenges, 4-5 Integrated Automated Fingerprint components, 55-77 Identification System disparities in, 5-6, 55 ACE-V process, 105-106, 137, 138-139, federal activities, 64-70 140, 141, 142-143 fragmentation, 14-33, 6, 77, 78 admissibility of evidence, 9, 12 n.24, 43, governance, 16-20, 78-83; see also 102-106, 142, 143 Oversight of forensic practice automated pattern recognition, 139, nonlaboratory units, 63-64 140 professional associations, 16, 74-77 backlogs, 64, 66 recommendations, 19-20, 78, 81-82 bias, 105, 123 research funding, 71-75 certification, 78, 137, 210 Forensic science disciplines. See also characteristics of prints, 136 Biological evidence; Bloodstain comparison to known prints, 138, 139 pattern analysis; Controlled data collection and analysis, 137-140 substance evidence; Digital and error rates, 103-104, 105, 142, 143 multimedia analysis; Explosives funding for research, 73, 205 evidence and fire debris; Fiber guidelines, 136-137, 141, 203, 205 evidence; Footware and tire identification units, 200 impressions; Forensic odontology; interpretation methods, 43-44, 139, 140 Friction ridge analysis; Hair evidence; 141, 269 Paint and coatings evidence; laboratories, 65, 66, 68, 136 Questioned document examination; methods, 7-8, 51, 103, 105-106, 137, Toolmark and firearm identification 138-139, 140, 141, 142-143 biases in, 184-185 quality and distortion issues, 7-8, 9, 86, categories, 37, 38-39 87, 137-138, 140, 141, 145, 270 disparities between and within, 8 reporting of results, 141-142, 143 educational pathways by, 220 research needs, 73, 105, 141, 144-145 guidelines, 66; see also Scientific scientific reliability and validity, 43, 86, Working Groups 87, 88 n.5, 102-104, 105-106, 140, interpretation-based, 3, 7, 87, 136-145, 142-143 184-185, 188 scores and thresholds, 141 knowledge base, 15, 77-78; see also shortages of personnel and equipment, Scientific method 59 Read the entire page →
From page 322... ... , 64, 74, 76-77, 136, 137, 148, characteristics, 155-156, 157 149, 150, 178, 199, 209, 210, 272 DNA analysis, 131, 160 International Organization for proficiency testing, 159 Standardization (ISO) , 21, 25, 113 reporting of results, 159-160, 161 114, 198, 199, 200, 215 sample data and collection, 156-157 Interpretation of forensic evidence scientific interpretation, 159-160 fingerprints, 43-44, 139, 140-141, 269 scientific reliability and validity, 8, 117- hair, 159-160 118, 160 impression evidence, 43, 148-149 summary assessment, 160-161 improving, 184-185, 188 training and expertise of examiners, 156 individualization principle, 7, 43-44, 87, validation study (hypothetical) Read the entire page →
From page 323... ... See Friction ridge defined, 36-37 Law Enforcement Assistance DNA, 36, 40, 41, 58, 65, 68, 131, 132 Administration, 223, 231, 251, 252 DOD, 69-70 Lie detector tests, 64, 68, 88 error sources and rates, 44, 45, 116-117 Lip prints, 145, 149, 150 FBI, 16, 65-66, 67, 70, 73, 79, 131, 132, Litigation. See also Admissibility of 140-141, 202-203 forensic evidence; Expert testimony; functions, 60-61 Landmark decisions funding, 15, 58-59, 65, 68, 77 appellate review standard, 85, 92, 97, guidelines, 202-203 102 independence in administration, 23-24, bias in judges and juries, 123 183-184 civil cases, 11, 89, 97-98, 107, 250 mobile, 68, 69-70 criminal cases, 9, 11, 12, 36, 45, 53, number in U.S., 58 87, 88, 95-96, 97, 98, 106-110, 237, outsourcing, 61 250, 254 personnel and equipment shortages, 6, education of judicial community for, 27, 14-15, 36, 59-60, 62, 65, 66, 68, 77- 178, 234-238 78, 219 juror comprehension of and expectations private, 36, 41, 58, 61 about evidence, 48-49, 86, 88, 218, proficiency testing, 208 236-237 publicly funded, 36, 39, 41, 52, 55, 58- limitations of adversary process, 10, 12, 61, 65-70, 183-184, 208 53, 85, 86, 91, 103, 110 quality assurance standards, 44-45, 193, scientific expertise of judges and lawyers, 194 85, 87-88, 110 recommendations, 23-24, 190-191 reporting data, 21-22, 189-190 research resources, 15, 71 M state-operated, 200 training and expertise of staff, 36, 47, Madrid train bombing, 45-46, 104-105, 58, 59-60, 132, 136, 221 123 U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 324... ... , 70, 76, 197-198 also Forensic pathology; Medical National Forensic Sciences Improvement examiners and coroners Act, 265, 266 administration and oversight, 249 National Institute of Forensic Science biosafety capability, 254 (proposed) conversion of coroner systems to ME benefits, 20 systems, 49-50, 241-243, 251-252 challenges, 20 fragmentation, 49-51, 246 cost, 20, 82 funding for improvements, 28, 265-266 criteria for, 18-19, 80-81 and homeland security, 50-51, 260-261, recommended focus, 19-20, 81-82 265, 283-284 National Institute of Justice, 219 quality control and quality assurance, categories of forensic science disciplines, 209, 259 38 recommendations, 29-30, 267-268 Coverdell grant program, 15, 28, 62-63, staffing and funding, 50, 247-248, 249- 77, 210-211, 213, 266 251, 252 leadership potential, 16, 79 standards and accreditation, 49-50, 294, Office of Justice Programs, 211-212, 246, 252, 258-259, 261-262, 265 213, 245 technologies, 28, 253-255, 265 Office of Research and Evaluation, 71 variations in, 50, 56, 245-246 Office of Science and Technology, 71 Methodological issues. Read the entire page →
From page 325... ... See breadth, 17 also Backlog of cases Coverdell grant program requirements, admissibility of evidence, 52-53 210-212, 213 AFIS compatibility issues, 51-52 governance organization, 78-83 CSI effect, 48-49 of ME/C, 249 DNA analysis, 40-41 organizations, 70 errors and fraud, 4-5, 42-43, 44-48, 57 recommendations, 81-82, 214-215 homeland security, 52 medicolegal death investigation, 49-51 questionable or questioned science, 4-5, P 42-44 Paint and coatings evidence Professional associations, 16, 74-77, 78 analyses, 117-118, 168-169, 170 Proficiency testing, 40, 41, 47, 132, 147 databases and reference libraries, 67, 148, 159, 163, 166 n.98, 169, 171, 118, 168 188, 194, 200, 206-208 education and training of examiners, PROTECT Act of 2003, 66, 68 168-169 guidelines, 169, 201 proficiency testing, 169 Q reporting of results, 169 Quality assurance and quality control. See research, 73 also Accreditation; Oversight of sample data and collection, 167 forensic practice scientific interpretation, 169 certification of examiners, 6, 16, 47, 53, summary assessment, 170 70, 74-75, 77, 78, 137, 147-148, validation study (hypothetical) Read the entire page →
From page 326... ... 326 INDEX Questioned document examination, biometric technologies, 74 163-164 DOD, 69 analyses, 60, 64, 164-165 on error and bias sources, 24, 191 certification in, 78, 210 FBI, 15, 66, 73, 78 guidelines, 201, 202 in forensic pathology, 261-263 handwriting analysis, 107, 136, 163, funding, 15, 18, 22, 66, 71-75, 78, 80, 164, 165, 166, 167 101, 105, 141, 144-145, 187, 189, ink and paper examination, 164-165, 190, 205, 230-231, 262 167, 201 laboratory resources, 15, 71 laboratories, 65, 68 microbial forensics, 70 personnel and equipment shortages, 59 needs, 8, 22-23, 24, 53, 72, 109, 110, proficiency testing, 166 n.98 186, 187-188, 189, 190, 191 reporting of results, 166 NIJ, 15, 71-73, 74-75, 78, 187, 230 scientific interpretation, 166, 167 NIST, 79 scientific reliability, 166-167 recommendations, 22-24, 190 summary assessment, 166-167 student exposure to, 230-231 training, 201 validation of new methods, 22-23, 52, types of analyses, 163-164 77-78, 113-116, 118-119, 121, 187 188, 189, 190 R S Recommendations accreditation and certification, 25, 215 Sample and data collection methods. See AFIS interoperability, 31-32, 277-278 also individual disciplines code of ethics, 26, 215 ME/C, 263-264 education and training, 27-28, 239 Science, State, Justice, Commerce, and governance of forensic science Related Agencies Appropriations Act community, 19-20, 78 of 2006, 1 homeland security-related, 33, 285-286 Scientific method laboratory autonomy, 23-24, 190-191 between-individual variability, 118, 184 medical examiner/coroner systems, 29- bias source, 24, 45-46, 57, 86, 112, 116, 30, 267-268 122-124, 184-185, 191 protocol development, 24-25, 214-215 classification conclusions, 117, 118, 120, quality assurance and quality control, 121, 184-185 26, 215 DNA analysis, 114-115, 184 research, 22-24, 190 elements of good practice, 113 standardized reporting of results, 22, error rates, 24, 86, 117-122, 184, 191 189-190 in forensic science, 113, 116-122, 188 Reference Firearms Collection, 67 fundamental principles, 45, 112-125 Reporting of results. Read the entire page →
From page 327... ... See Footwear and tire analyses, 37, 38, 42, 145, 152 impressions certification programs, 210 Standard Ammunition File, 67 class characteristics, 152 Standardization databases and reference libraries, 67, of educational materials, 189 151, 152, 153 reporting of results, 22, 189-190 error rates, 154 Standards and guidelines. See also generation of marks, 150-151 individual disciplines guidelines, 153, 155, 202, 204 for admissibility of evidence, 9-10, 12, individual characteristics, 150, 152 86, 88-89, 90, 91, 93-94, 95, 109, laboratories for, 60, 65, 68 111, 194 personnel and equipment shortages, 59 ASTM, 201 research needs, 154 data reporting, 21, 189 sample data and collection, 151-152 Read the entire page →
From page 328... ... See also Fiber evidence; Hair evidence; Paint and coatings evidence, 60, 65 W certification, 210 guidelines, 201 West Virginia State Police laboratory, 44 laboratories, 65, 68 Western Identification Network, 270-271 organic chemical analysis, 73 World Trade Center attacks, 131, 260, 279 personnel and equipment shortages, 59 research, 73 Trans World Airlines Flight 800, 279-280 Read the entire page →

From page 315...

... Index A recommendations, 25, 215 research requirement, 261-262 Accreditation sanctions, 196 ABA recommendation, 194 status, 199-200 and admissibility of evidence, 194 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical ASCLD/LAB, 69, 74, 77, 169, 171, 197 Education, 256, 261 200, 205, 206, 207-208, 214 ACE-V process, 105-106, 137, 138-139, of certification organizations, 74-75 140, 141, 142-143 CLIA legislation, 195, 196 Admissibility of forensic evidence. See continuing education programs, 197 also Expert testimony; Litigation; cycle, 198 individual disciplines data reporting standards, 21, 189 accreditation and, 194 of death investigation systems, 49-50, appellate review standard, 10, 11, 85, 294, 246, 252, 258-259, 261-262, 92, 97, 102 265 autopsy, 9 education or training requirements for, Daubert decision, 8, 9-10, 11-12, 90-93, 197, 231-232 95-98, 99 n.37, 101-109, 110, 127 of education programs, 75, 197, 225, n.1, 142, 194, 204, 234, 238, 289 228-229, 237 discretion of trial judges, 10, 11, 92, 96 inspector training, 199 97, 108 key elements, 195 education of judicial community and, of laboratories, 6, 21, 41, 47, 48, 53, 234 68, 69, 77, 132, 136, 190, 195-200, Federal Rule of Evidence 401, 108 205, 207 n.82 mandatory programs, 48, 194, 199-200, Federal Rule of Evidence 702, 9-10, 89, 214 90-92, 95, 101 meaning of, 195 fingerprint analyses, 9, 12 n.24, 43, 102 noncompliance reporting, 198-199 106, 142, 143 organizations, 16, 196, 197-200 Frye standard, 88-89, 90-91, 95, 99 n.57 proficiency testing for, 208 handwriting, 107 315

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From page 316...

... , 64, 68, 74, 76, Biological evidence. See also Blood; DNA; 209, 214, 221, 231, 232, 233, 235 Saliva; Semen Laboratory Accreditation Board, 69, 74, analyses, 60, 130-132 77, 169, 171, 197-200, 205, 206, characteristics, 128 207-208, 214 laboratories, 68, 70 Anthrax bioterroism attacks, 254, 281 reporting of results, 132 Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 69, sample data and collection, 129-130 280 summary assessment, 133 Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory, Biotoxins and biological agents, 70 65, 67, 69, 280, 281 Bite mark analysis.

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From page 317...

... , 40, Bloodstain pattern analysis 61, 66, 67, 100, 131-132, 197 analyses, 177-178 Computer crime investigations, 60. See also bias in,178 Digital and multimedia analysis certification, 178, 210 Controlled substance evidence crime scene/event reconstruction, 177 admissibility, 9, 101-102 guidelines, 202 analyses, 60, 117, 134-135 investigators, 64 backlog of cases, 39 reporting of results, 132 certification, 210 sample data and collection, 177 characteristics, 133 scientific basis, 158-179 error sources and rates, 116-117, 135 summary assessment, 178-179 personnel and equipment shortages, Botanical evidence, 128, 134, 161.

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From page 318...

... Secret Samples for the Identification of Service Remains, 69 Department of Justice. See also Bureau automotive carpet fiber, 73 of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and CEASEFIRE, 151 Explosives CODIS, 40, 61, 66, 67, 100, 131-132, Computer Crime and Intellectual 197 Property Section, 181 DRUGFIRE database, 151 definition of backlogged cases, 39 Electronic Crime Portfolio, 71, 72-73 grant programs, 13, 28, 62-63, 66, 80, EXPeRT, 67 210-211, 213, 266 Explosives Reference File, 67 judicial training program, 235 FBI, 40, 65-66, 67, 73, 131-132, 151, leadership potential in forensic science, 197 17, 80 fingerprints, see Automated Fingerprint missions, 17, 80 Identification System; Integrated Office of Inspector General, 45-46, 68, Automated Fingerprint Identification 105, 211, 212, 213, 274 System proficiency test design, 207 funding, 73 Digital and multimedia analysis, 64 Joint Federal Agencies Intelligence DNA certification, 181 Database, 281 computer examination, 180-182 MECISP, 263 crimes and devices associated with, 179, NamUs, 245 180 National Automotive Paint File, 67, education and training, 181, 220 118 sample data and collection, 180 National Violent Death Review System, search and seizure, 181-182 263 DNA evidence NCIC UP/MP, 244-245 accreditation of laboratories, 41, 68, NIBIN, 151, 152, 153 132, 197-198, 200, 207 Paint Data Query database, 67, 168 admissibility, 9, 41, 99-101, 103, 104, Standard Ammunition File, 67 107, 133 toolmarks and firearms, 67, 151, 152, amplification, 131 153 analytical methods, 13, 130-132, 133 Western Identification Network, ascendancy of, 4, 40-41 270-271 backlog of cases, 14, 39, 40, 72, 187, Death investigation systems.

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From page 319...

... See also Admissibility challenges and improvement of forensic evidence; Interpretation opportunities, 14, 224-229 of forensic evidence; Reporting of continuing education, 197, 218, 231, results 233-234, 236, 259-260 access to, 11, 98

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From page 320...

... See Ballistics F evidence; Toolmark and firearm identification Falsification of evidence, 44, 45, 193 Footwear and tire impressions Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) analyses, 36, 64, 146-148 biased cases, 45-46 biases, 149 case backlogs, 66 certification in, 78, 147-148, 210 case types, 65 characteristics, 146-147, 149 Counterterrorism and Forensic Science proficiency testing, 147-148 Research Unit, 73 reporting of results, 148-149, 150 databases and reference libraries, 40, sample data and collection, 146 65-66, 67, 73, 131-132, 151, 197 scientific interpretation, 43, 148-149 forensic laboratories and services, 16, scientific validity and reliability, 149 65-66, 67, 70, 73, 79, 131, 132, SWGTREAD standards, 148-149, 150, 140-141, 202-203 203 friction ridge analysis apprenticeship, summary assessment, 149-150 140-141 training and expertise of examiners, 145, funding for research, 15, 66, 73, 78 147, 148 Joint Terrorism Task Force, 283 Forensic anthropology, 73, 220 Latent Fingerprint Unit, 46 Forensic art, 64, 77, 210 leadership potential in forensic science, Forensic laboratories.

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From page 321...

... See also Automated case backlogs, 61-62 Fingerprint Identification System; challenges, 4-5 Integrated Automated Fingerprint components, 55-77 Identification System disparities in, 5-6, 55 ACE-V process, 105-106, 137, 138-139, federal activities, 64-70 140, 141, 142-143 fragmentation, 14-33, 6, 77, 78 admissibility of evidence, 9, 12 n.24, 43, governance, 16-20, 78-83; see also 102-106, 142, 143 Oversight of forensic practice automated pattern recognition, 139, nonlaboratory units, 63-64 140 professional associations, 16, 74-77 backlogs, 64, 66 recommendations, 19-20, 78, 81-82 bias, 105, 123 research funding, 71-75 certification, 78, 137, 210 Forensic science disciplines. See also characteristics of prints, 136 Biological evidence; Bloodstain comparison to known prints, 138, 139 pattern analysis; Controlled data collection and analysis, 137-140 substance evidence; Digital and error rates, 103-104, 105, 142, 143 multimedia analysis; Explosives funding for research, 73, 205 evidence and fire debris; Fiber guidelines, 136-137, 141, 203, 205 evidence; Footware and tire identification units, 200 impressions; Forensic odontology; interpretation methods, 43-44, 139, 140 Friction ridge analysis; Hair evidence; 141, 269 Paint and coatings evidence; laboratories, 65, 66, 68, 136 Questioned document examination; methods, 7-8, 51, 103, 105-106, 137, Toolmark and firearm identification 138-139, 140, 141, 142-143 biases in, 184-185 quality and distortion issues, 7-8, 9, 86, categories, 37, 38-39 87, 137-138, 140, 141, 145, 270 disparities between and within, 8 reporting of results, 141-142, 143 educational pathways by, 220 research needs, 73, 105, 141, 144-145 guidelines, 66; see also Scientific scientific reliability and validity, 43, 86, Working Groups 87, 88 n.5, 102-104, 105-106, 140, interpretation-based, 3, 7, 87, 136-145, 142-143 184-185, 188 scores and thresholds, 141 knowledge base, 15, 77-78; see also shortages of personnel and equipment, Scientific method 59

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From page 322...

... , 64, 74, 76-77, 136, 137, 148, characteristics, 155-156, 157 149, 150, 178, 199, 209, 210, 272 DNA analysis, 131, 160 International Organization for proficiency testing, 159 Standardization (ISO) , 21, 25, 113 reporting of results, 159-160, 161 114, 198, 199, 200, 215 sample data and collection, 156-157 Interpretation of forensic evidence scientific interpretation, 159-160 fingerprints, 43-44, 139, 140-141, 269 scientific reliability and validity, 8, 117- hair, 159-160 118, 160 impression evidence, 43, 148-149 summary assessment, 160-161 improving, 184-185, 188 training and expertise of examiners, 156 individualization principle, 7, 43-44, 87, validation study (hypothetical)

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From page 323...

... See Friction ridge defined, 36-37 Law Enforcement Assistance DNA, 36, 40, 41, 58, 65, 68, 131, 132 Administration, 223, 231, 251, 252 DOD, 69-70 Lie detector tests, 64, 68, 88 error sources and rates, 44, 45, 116-117 Lip prints, 145, 149, 150 FBI, 16, 65-66, 67, 70, 73, 79, 131, 132, Litigation. See also Admissibility of 140-141, 202-203 forensic evidence; Expert testimony; functions, 60-61 Landmark decisions funding, 15, 58-59, 65, 68, 77 appellate review standard, 85, 92, 97, guidelines, 202-203 102 independence in administration, 23-24, bias in judges and juries, 123 183-184 civil cases, 11, 89, 97-98, 107, 250 mobile, 68, 69-70 criminal cases, 9, 11, 12, 36, 45, 53, number in U.S., 58 87, 88, 95-96, 97, 98, 106-110, 237, outsourcing, 61 250, 254 personnel and equipment shortages, 6, education of judicial community for, 27, 14-15, 36, 59-60, 62, 65, 66, 68, 77- 178, 234-238 78, 219 juror comprehension of and expectations private, 36, 41, 58, 61 about evidence, 48-49, 86, 88, 218, proficiency testing, 208 236-237 publicly funded, 36, 39, 41, 52, 55, 58- limitations of adversary process, 10, 12, 61, 65-70, 183-184, 208 53, 85, 86, 91, 103, 110 quality assurance standards, 44-45, 193, scientific expertise of judges and lawyers, 194 85, 87-88, 110 recommendations, 23-24, 190-191 reporting data, 21-22, 189-190 research resources, 15, 71 M state-operated, 200 training and expertise of staff, 36, 47, Madrid train bombing, 45-46, 104-105, 58, 59-60, 132, 136, 221 123 U.S.

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From page 324...

... , 70, 76, 197-198 also Forensic pathology; Medical National Forensic Sciences Improvement examiners and coroners Act, 265, 266 administration and oversight, 249 National Institute of Forensic Science biosafety capability, 254 (proposed) conversion of coroner systems to ME benefits, 20 systems, 49-50, 241-243, 251-252 challenges, 20 fragmentation, 49-51, 246 cost, 20, 82 funding for improvements, 28, 265-266 criteria for, 18-19, 80-81 and homeland security, 50-51, 260-261, recommended focus, 19-20, 81-82 265, 283-284 National Institute of Justice, 219 quality control and quality assurance, categories of forensic science disciplines, 209, 259 38 recommendations, 29-30, 267-268 Coverdell grant program, 15, 28, 62-63, staffing and funding, 50, 247-248, 249- 77, 210-211, 213, 266 251, 252 leadership potential, 16, 79 standards and accreditation, 49-50, 294, Office of Justice Programs, 211-212, 246, 252, 258-259, 261-262, 265 213, 245 technologies, 28, 253-255, 265 Office of Research and Evaluation, 71 variations in, 50, 56, 245-246 Office of Science and Technology, 71 Methodological issues.

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From page 325...

... See breadth, 17 also Backlog of cases Coverdell grant program requirements, admissibility of evidence, 52-53 210-212, 213 AFIS compatibility issues, 51-52 governance organization, 78-83 CSI effect, 48-49 of ME/C, 249 DNA analysis, 40-41 organizations, 70 errors and fraud, 4-5, 42-43, 44-48, 57 recommendations, 81-82, 214-215 homeland security, 52 medicolegal death investigation, 49-51 questionable or questioned science, 4-5, P 42-44 Paint and coatings evidence Professional associations, 16, 74-77, 78 analyses, 117-118, 168-169, 170 Proficiency testing, 40, 41, 47, 132, 147 databases and reference libraries, 67, 148, 159, 163, 166 n.98, 169, 171, 118, 168 188, 194, 200, 206-208 education and training of examiners, PROTECT Act of 2003, 66, 68 168-169 guidelines, 169, 201 proficiency testing, 169 Q reporting of results, 169 Quality assurance and quality control. See research, 73 also Accreditation; Oversight of sample data and collection, 167 forensic practice scientific interpretation, 169 certification of examiners, 6, 16, 47, 53, summary assessment, 170 70, 74-75, 77, 78, 137, 147-148, validation study (hypothetical)

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From page 326...

... 326 INDEX Questioned document examination, biometric technologies, 74 163-164 DOD, 69 analyses, 60, 64, 164-165 on error and bias sources, 24, 191 certification in, 78, 210 FBI, 15, 66, 73, 78 guidelines, 201, 202 in forensic pathology, 261-263 handwriting analysis, 107, 136, 163, funding, 15, 18, 22, 66, 71-75, 78, 80, 164, 165, 166, 167 101, 105, 141, 144-145, 187, 189, ink and paper examination, 164-165, 190, 205, 230-231, 262 167, 201 laboratory resources, 15, 71 laboratories, 65, 68 microbial forensics, 70 personnel and equipment shortages, 59 needs, 8, 22-23, 24, 53, 72, 109, 110, proficiency testing, 166 n.98 186, 187-188, 189, 190, 191 reporting of results, 166 NIJ, 15, 71-73, 74-75, 78, 187, 230 scientific interpretation, 166, 167 NIST, 79 scientific reliability, 166-167 recommendations, 22-24, 190 summary assessment, 166-167 student exposure to, 230-231 training, 201 validation of new methods, 22-23, 52, types of analyses, 163-164 77-78, 113-116, 118-119, 121, 187 188, 189, 190 R S Recommendations accreditation and certification, 25, 215 Sample and data collection methods. See AFIS interoperability, 31-32, 277-278 also individual disciplines code of ethics, 26, 215 ME/C, 263-264 education and training, 27-28, 239 Science, State, Justice, Commerce, and governance of forensic science Related Agencies Appropriations Act community, 19-20, 78 of 2006, 1 homeland security-related, 33, 285-286 Scientific method laboratory autonomy, 23-24, 190-191 between-individual variability, 118, 184 medical examiner/coroner systems, 29- bias source, 24, 45-46, 57, 86, 112, 116, 30, 267-268 122-124, 184-185, 191 protocol development, 24-25, 214-215 classification conclusions, 117, 118, 120, quality assurance and quality control, 121, 184-185 26, 215 DNA analysis, 114-115, 184 research, 22-24, 190 elements of good practice, 113 standardized reporting of results, 22, error rates, 24, 86, 117-122, 184, 191 189-190 in forensic science, 113, 116-122, 188 Reference Firearms Collection, 67 fundamental principles, 45, 112-125 Reporting of results.

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From page 327...

... See Footwear and tire analyses, 37, 38, 42, 145, 152 impressions certification programs, 210 Standard Ammunition File, 67 class characteristics, 152 Standardization databases and reference libraries, 67, of educational materials, 189 151, 152, 153 reporting of results, 22, 189-190 error rates, 154 Standards and guidelines. See also generation of marks, 150-151 individual disciplines guidelines, 153, 155, 202, 204 for admissibility of evidence, 9-10, 12, individual characteristics, 150, 152 86, 88-89, 90, 91, 93-94, 95, 109, laboratories for, 60, 65, 68 111, 194 personnel and equipment shortages, 59 ASTM, 201 research needs, 154 data reporting, 21, 189 sample data and collection, 151-152

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From page 328...

... See also Fiber evidence; Hair evidence; Paint and coatings evidence, 60, 65 W certification, 210 guidelines, 201 West Virginia State Police laboratory, 44 laboratories, 65, 68 Western Identification Network, 270-271 organic chemical analysis, 73 World Trade Center attacks, 131, 260, 279 personnel and equipment shortages, 59 research, 73 Trans World Airlines Flight 800, 279-280

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Index Pages 315-328

Index
Pages 315-328