Future of the Nuclear Security Environment in 2015 Proceedings of a Russian-U.S. Workshop (2009) / Chapter Skim
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THE SALIENT NEED TO DEVELOP NEW APPROACHES TO ADDRESS NUCLEAR WEAPONS PROLIFERATION ISSUES
THE SALIENT NEED TO DEVELOP NEW APPROACHES TO ADDRESS NUCLEAR WEAPONS PROLIFERATION ISSUES
Pages 71-88
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From page 71... ...
for decommissioning nuclear-powered ships and vessels, and the environmental rehabilitation for their support infrastructure facilities located in the northwest region of Russia.93 I would like to emphasize that the methodology of SMP development, provided for this particular SMP case, can not be directly applied to the analysis of other problems and non-proliferation issues. 93 For more information about the Strategic Master Plan (SMP)
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From page 72... ...
In partnership with Rosatom, the EBRD and its donor nations decided to develop a Strategic Master Plan in order to implement a comprehensive strategy to resolving the following problems: • complex decommissioning of nuclear submarines and other floating sources of nuclear and radiation hazards • rehabilitation, in a manner safe for people and the environment, of on-shore hazardous nuclear and radiological facilities • strengthening physical protection of nuclear materials Unlike previously developed plans, the SMP viewed all facilities as a single interconnected entity or system. This ensured a coordinated approach to common problems and made it possible to avoid any unnecessary duplication.
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According to the ToR, the SMP must: • serve as a basis for strategic decision-making by the Russian Federation in such domains as management of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive and toxic waste produced during project implementation • be conducive donor nations' technical and economic project evaluations based on such benchmarks as an increased level of safety and security in the region, better physical protection of nuclear materials, and an improved environmental status • facilitate decision-making with due regard to relevant interests of the Russian Federation and donor nations PLANNING FROM THE TOP DOWN First, in characterizing the entire scope of accomplished work, I would like to stress that a systemic approach was used at all stages of SMP development. One of the fundamental principles of such an approach is planning ‘from the top down.' This methodology implies sequential development of increasingly detailed plans for achieving end objectives of the program.
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were developed to describe the sequence of actions that have to transpire in order to achieve a certain pre-defined end state for a specific facility. On the basis of these logical chains and with an eye to interdependencies reflected in the top-level diagram, the work breakdown structure and CDP technical baseline were developed.
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, and the entire scope of associated hazardous materials: spent nuclear fuel, radioactive waste, and NMS vessel waste. The third tier in the top-down planning hierarchy refers to identifying end objectives relative to specific facilities subject to decommissioning and environmental rehabilitation.
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. SMP development activities have progressed in compliance with the following guiding principles taken from cutting-edge Russian and western practices: • use of a single common technical approach to all facilities • use of tested and verified solutions wherever feasible • maximized use of existing production capabilities and infrastructure • minimized construction of redundant waste/material management and storage facilities • placement of new waste/material management facilities at points of greatest concentration of these materials • consolidation of storage facilities (for spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste)
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The right-hand column lists the main outputs of the CDP. Inputs Tools and methods SMP outputs • ToR requirements • Quality assurance procedure • Integrated roadmap • Characteristic of objects, • Data gathering procedure • Functional charts for objects problems and bottlenecks • Strategic planning procedure • Strategic process chains • CDP goals • Project planning procedure • Work Breakdown Structure • Industrial basis and capability • Project cost-estimate • Project Identification Sheets • Outcomes of Strategic procedure • CDP schedule Studies • Prioritization procedure • Cost estimate for individual • Legal and regulatory basis • Risk assessment procedure projects and the whole Programme • Risk register and risk mitigation strategies Figure 2 SMP Inputs, Methods, and Outputs Strategic Approaches to Basic Tasks of Decommissioning and Rehabilitation of Facilities Presenting Nuclear and Radiation Hazards Before we move on to discuss the remaining levels of planning, which have to do directly with specific facilities subject to decommissioning and environmental rehabilitation, it would be worthwhile to put in perspective the scale of tasks that were tackled in the process of SMP development.
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An important point is that participating organizations belong to different chains of command, which make it challenging to effectively coordinate such activities as the spent nuclear fuel (SNF) , radiological waste (RW)
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Very low level waste, Disposal & Movement of RW VLLW expected durinrg rehabilitation Treatment Facilities Movement of SNF Possible Movement Figure 4 Integrated Top-Level Strategy Based on input analysis and principles, and the results of strategic studies described earlier in this paper, an integrated top-level strategy was devised for the entire scope of activities 79
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The issue of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive and toxic waste management required a separate review. As an example, following is a brief description of the decommissioning strategy for nuclear submarines.
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Their structure is shown in Figure 6. The third WBS level was introduced mostly for ease and convenience of classification.
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Exceptions included sub-programs of environmental rehabilitation of a temporary storage facility at Andreeva Bay (TSFA) and a temporary storage facility at Gremikha (TSFG)
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In calculations, every factor was used in conjunction with an individual weighted coefficient determined and assigned by experts.94 There were 14 experts representing various Russian agencies and organizations. To determine a priority ranking order, 123 projects (both mega-projects and multiprojects)
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developed for all facilities, information provided by implementing organizations regarding progress in execution of current projects, as well as in keeping with the WBS and prioritization results. Total CDP costs include two constituent components: • investments required for project work • life cycle expenses required to maintain the facilities and support the CDP infrastructure Investment numbers included in Project Identification Sheets contain cost estimates obtained using different methodologies, including Justification of Investment, historical data, and expert estimates.
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The schedule and associated costs will bring about the end result of all decommissioning and environmental rehabilitation activities in Russia's northwest region for the uppermost tier. To achieve this end result, the CDP looks to complete 233 projects.
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Specifically, this includes: • projects contributing to the establishment of a complex for SNF management at TSFA at a cost of ~€75 million • projects to build SNF management infrastructure in the region at a cost of ~€85 million; the goal is to provide for uninterrupted removal of spent nuclear fuel from the area • projects to build а Regional Center for Conditioning and Long-term Storage at a cumulative cost of ~€170 million; these projects will allow for safe RW management during the expedited preparations to remove SNF from TSFA and TSFG The possibility of suspending or delaying the decommissioning activities associated with buoyant facilities (e.g., NS, heavy nuclear missile cruisers [HNMC] , NMS vessels, including Lepse)
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In this regard, the SMP serves as a/an: • reference point for the development of federal targets and other programs • justification for making strategic decisions and setting priorities during project funding • justification for the selection of directions and particular locations for international cooperation both for the Russian Federation and foreign partners • encouragement for donor countries in carrying out feasibility studies related to the implementation of decommissioning projects, including the improvement of nuclear, radiation and environmental safety, and physical protection The SMP shall be regularly updated to take into account the real, on-the-ground situation regarding implementation and the possibilities for funding new programs. Only if this condition is met can the SMP prove its effectiveness as a forceful strategic planning tool.
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2. A virtually all-encompassing approach to decommissioning and environmental rehabilitation – regardless of the origin of facilities and the agency responsible for their custody – coupled with due regard for diverse process chains and transportation links, and informed by a systemic multi-variable analysis, has produced a solid justification for the strategic decisions that have been made.
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