Global Environmental Health Research Gaps and Barriers for Providing Sustainable Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Services: Workshop Summary (2009) / Chapter Skim
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3 The Technology Pillar of Sustainable Water: Technology, Economics, and Health
3 The Technology Pillar of Sustainable Water: Technology, Economics, and Health
Pages 17-42
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From page 17... ...
In 2006, the United Nations Development Programme released a Human Development Report on water for the first time. The city named as having the best water supply and wastewater treatment was not in the United States, Europe, Australasia, or Japan -- but was Singapore, a city with one of the lowest per capita water supplies.
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The intention of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the International Water Supply and Sanitation Decade is that people should receive water that is potable.
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The Phnom Penh Water Supply Corporation was broke and had little staff or office space. In a time span of 14 years, the Phnom Penh Water Supply Corporation has become fully independent and now only loses approximately 8 percent of its water through better management of resources and synthesis of current knowledge.
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oversees the small town and rural systems and functions as a policy advisory body for the small town systems. Although the urban water supply is managed by the publicly owned utility company -- the government and GWCL -- the operations have been ceded to Aqua Vitra (AVRL)
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From page 21... ...
Finally, the commission oversees three pilot projects to determine how to best serve the poor in society, with the goal to replicate these projects throughout the country. National Development Goals Recognizing the health and economic implications of ensuring adequate water services for the people of Ghana, the government laid out the National Development Goals in the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy II, a document that outlines strategies to accelerate water delivery in urban areas.
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The key policy objectives for water resources management are to achieve sustainable use, while maintaining the biodiversity and the quality of the environment for future generations. The Water Resource Commission achieves this through protection, from the original source water all the way through the water delivery system.
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For the urban water supply, 34.7 percent was financed by the development partners, and approximately 1.7 percent was supported by the government. In order to meet the Millennium Development Goals, Ghana needs $820 million to meet the 2015 targets, an average $85 million a year.
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. Bangladesh: The Challenge of Providing Potable Water Bangladesh is a country of many rivers, but these waters are not potable because the surface waters are often polluted with high levels of pathogenic bacteria.
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THE TECHNOLOGY PILLAR OF SUSTAINABLE WATER 25 FIGURE 3-3 Arsenic in groundwater is a pervasive problem throughout the world. A significant number of locations exceeds the 10 parts per billion set by the U.S.
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From page 26... ...
Clean drinking water: Solving arsenic crisis through a sustainable local filtration technology. Global Environmental Health: Research Gaps and Barriers for Providing Sustainable Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Services, Washington, DC.
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From page 27... ...
Building on the success of these first filters, there are plans to develop small filtration units in areas where arsenic is not a problem -- for example, in Dhaka City, where the groundwater has high concentrations of iron, barium, calcium, and manganese, often resulting in nonpotable water. This filter is built with an eye toward sustainability.
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28 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH Figure 3-6.eps bitmap image
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, San German Campus, Inter American University of Puerto Rico (IAUPR) Water systems in the United States are classified in various ways, such as by size, by ownership, and by the length of time that people are served (see Figure 3-7)
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, but others will require help from government and other groups. Small- and medium-sized water systems range from serving communities, day care centers, mobile home parks, rural schools, factories, national parks, campgrounds, Native American reservations, and territories.
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. Puerto Rican Water Pilot Study in Water Regulations are only part of the solution to provide safe drinking water.
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The decrease in diarrheal disease was stronger in both the elderly and children, and the preliminary results showed that 43 percent of diarrheal disease in the control communities was due to contaminated drinking water. Furthermore, contrary to the initial perceptions, communities are willing to participate in strategies to improve their health and make their water supplies sustainable.
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From page 33... ...
One opportunity is to make water "fit-for-purpose" for which it is used. For example, at one end of the quality spectrum, advanced-treated wastewater in Singapore is returned to the source water reservoir, blended with other river water and conventionally treated at the waterworks, with approximately 10 percent being recycled water into the drinking water supply system.
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In some "ecological villages," there has been an effort to focus, not on past water engineering marvels, such as huge dams, pipe systems, and aqueducts, but rather on how to supply sustainable water services to communities in the future. For example, the services needed in a house can be split into three types of source waters and three waste streams: black water from the toilet fecal flushings; grey water, the bulk of the water used in a household; and the yellow water, which is the urine stream.
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From page 35... ...
risk assessment approach guidelines for drinking water, recreational Figurewater reuse. WHO uses a health target based use, and 3-8.eps on some tolerable level of risk, resulting in a risk management system that is primarily based on the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point approach used in the food industry.
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The quantitative microbial risk assessment approach uses a framework (Figure 3-9) that is based on the chemical risk assessment framework developed by the National Research Council (1994)
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Instead, the EPA has used one infection per 10,000 per year in developing the surface water treatment rule in the late 1980s and the enhanced surface water treatment rule. WHO has developed with the disability-adjusted life year (DALY)
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. All of these guidelines make use of an approach to a water safety plan that uses hazard analysis (Figure 3-10)
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Arithmetic mean 1 E-2 1 E-3 1 E-4 24 1 E-5 1 E-6 1 E-7 2 2 1 E-8 Campy Crypto Giardia Virus Campy Crypto Giardia Virus Virus Virus Virus all pos cult Sewage Surface water Soil and groundwater FIGURE 3-11 Pathogen to themotolerant coliform ratios in environmental samples col lected from sewage, surface water, and groundwater. Campy = Camplobacter, Crypto = Cryptosporidium, virus cult = ratios of culturable enteric virus vs.
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From page 40... ...
As such, there needs to be an integrative assessment approach to address health that moves beyond traditional end-point assessments and includes all types of water exposures so resources are focused on the most important issues and locations for management. Approaches to sustainablility: global water partnerships Wayne Joseph, M.Sc., Chair Global Water Partnership -- Caribbean Access to water supplies and drinking water cannot be discussed without considering water as a resource in totality.
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For example, in Trinidad and Tobago, although development is occurring at a record pace, only 26 percent of the population receives a continuous water supply. The remainder of the population receives intermittent water supply.
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Global Water Partnership Through the development of the Global Water Partnership, the region is supporting an integrated, sustainable approach to water resources by working closely with the Caribbean Water and Wastewater Association, the United Nations Environmental Programme, the Integrated Watershed and Coastal Areas Management Program, and various nongovernmental organizations. The mission is to support countries in the sustainable management of their water resources.
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