Global Environmental Health Research Gaps and Barriers for Providing Sustainable Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Services: Workshop Summary (2009) / Chapter Skim
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5 Achieving Water and Sanitation Services for Health in Developing Countries
5 Achieving Water and Sanitation Services for Health in Developing Countries
Pages 51-64
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From page 51... ...
Improving Water and Sanitation Access in Developing Countries: Progress and Challenges Christine Moe, Ph.D., Director Center for Global Safe Water Eugene J Gangarosa Professor of Safe Water and Sanitation Emory University Water and sanitation concerns are of great magnitude: 1.1 billion individuals, approximately 17 percent of the world's population, are without improved water and more do not have access to safe drinking water, and 2.6 billion, approximately 41 percent, are without improved sanitation.
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From page 52... ...
A greater focus on microfinancing and local initiatives, along with new discussion of ecological sanitation and culturally appropriate initiatives, is led by empowered community members. Other trends include the consideration of global water scarcity in sustainable planning and a move from simple water quality monitoring to the development of a more holistic water safety plan approach by the World Health Organization (WHO)
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From page 53... ...
2004. Joint monitoring programme for water supply and sanitation; meeting the MDG drinking water and sanitation target: A mid-term assessment of progress.
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From page 54... ...
2004. Joint monitoring programme for water supply and sanitation; meeting the MDG drinking water and sanitation target: A mid-term assessment of progress.
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From page 55... ...
This includes consideration of community management models, transparency, and good governance practices. However, there can be tension between the need to recover the costs of water supply and sanitation development, operation, and maintenance and the principle that safe water and sanitation are basic human rights that should be provided to all.
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From page 56... ...
One method is to look at behavior and lifestyle change, such as decreasing meat consumption and water waste. Another is to implement infrastructure improvements that repair leaks in water pipes -- both to prevent loss as well as protect water quality, as discussed earlier.
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From page 57... ...
Western FSU Europe Eastern North America Europe Central and South Asia Western Middle East Central America South east Europe FSU North Africa Asia North America Eastern Europe Central and South Asia Net virtual w ater Central Africa im port (Gm 3/yr) Central America Middle East -248 South America -69 North Africa -13 South east -1.8 Southern Africa Oceania 0.7 Asia 1.7 2.7 6 43 50 South America 82 Oceania 214 No data Southern Africa FIGURE 5-4 Virtual water balances of the 13 world regions, 1995–1999.
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From page 58... ...
Most ecological toilets store excreta in an alternating, two-chamber system and separate the urine from the feces, thus allowing fecal waste to decompose to biosolids and collecting urine separately for use as fertilizer. Urine separation reduces odor and promotes more rapid desiccation of the feces.
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From page 59... ...
the DRINKING Water Supply and Sanitation in Latin America: Moving Toward Sustainability Following Two Decades of Reforms Andrei Jouravlev, Economic Affairs Officer United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) Latin American and Caribbean countries have made great efforts to improve their population's access to drinking water supply and sanitation services.
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From page 60... ...
Owing to inadequate maintenance and poor commercial management, there are high levels of water losses in the drinking water supply systems of almost all the countries in the region. The proportion of the population covered by adequate systems of monitoring and control of drinking water quality is low in urban areas and insignificant in rural areas.
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From page 61... ...
Thus such government priorities as budget allocations, good institutions, efficient public policies, and corruption control are important predictors of success. The experience of the past two decades suggests some of the main priorities of the countries in the region in reforming the drinking water supply and sanitation sector: • mproving regulatory frameworks.
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From page 62... ...
analysis of available options for service provision and structuring them in such a way that they do not become a burden on the economy or the citi zens, or ultimately a regressive factor that hinders socioeconomic devel opment. Other important tasks include adapting regulatory practices to the specific characteristics of public service providers and deepening the analysis of the effects of international investment protection agreements on the national capacity for regulating public utility services.
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From page 63... ...
It is made up of numerous service providers, without real possibilities for achieving economies of scale or economic viability, and is the responsibility of local bodies that lack the necessary resources to deal effectively with the complexity of the processes involved in pro viding drinking water supply and sanitation services. Most countries clearly need to consolidate the sector's industrial structure by achieving a happy medium between the excessive centralization of the 1960s and 1970s and the extreme fragmentation of the 1980s and 1990s.
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