Contaminated Water Supplies at Camp Lejeune Assessing Potential Health Effects (2009) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix D: Review of Other Chemical Contaminants of Concern
Appendix D: Review of Other Chemical Contaminants of Concern
Pages 258-271
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From page 258... ...
Specific effects of 1,2-DCE in animals are discussed below. Hepatic Toxicity Subchronic exposure to trans-1,2-DCE in drinking water (17-452 mg/kg per day)
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. After inhalation exposure, experimental animals have exhibited lethargy, behavioral changes, and other neurologic effects (ATSDR 1996)
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Hematopoietic Toxicity Female rats exposed to cis-1,2-DCE exhibited decreased hemoglobin concentrations, red blood cell counts, and hematocrit values at 98 mg/kg per day for 90 days (McCauley et al.
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. However, no renal effects were observed in experimental animals exposed at 30 mg/kg per day or less in chronic-exposure studies (Rampy et al.
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IgM response in the lymph nodes to challenge with sheep red blood cells was increased, and the highest exposure provoked a similar response in the spleen. A significant increase in the release of interferon-gamma was found in lymph node cultures but the increase in spleen cell cultures was smaller.
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From page 263... ...
. Acute myelogenous leukemia is the predominant cancer found in humans exposed to benzene and has been documented in studies of workers exposed to benzene in rubber hydrochloride manufacturing plants (Rinsky et al.
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From page 264... ...
Early studies of benzene-exposed workers demonstrated that chronic exposure to benzene at air concentrations of 10 ppm or more had adverse hematologic effects, which increased in severity with increasing benzene concentration. More recent epidemiologic studies have observed hematologic effects (including significant reductions in the numbers of various types of blood cells)
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From page 265... ...
(1986a,b) reported hepatic changes, including cellular alterations in Fischer rats exposed to MC for 78-104 weeks at 55 mg/kg per day and increased hepatic fat in B6C3F1 mice exposed for 2 years at 236 mg/kg per day.
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Immune response was evaluated by the capacity of the rats to mount an antibody response to sheep red blood cells. The study reported that relative spleen weight was reduced in females but not in males.
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Other Effects Other effects of MC reported in experimental animal studies include alterations in urinary pH and renal weights in rats and renal tubular changes in dogs, rats, and mice after inhalation exposure (ATSDR 2000a; CalEPA 2000b)
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However, there are few epidemiologic studies of adverse reproductive effects in humans. Finnish studies of occupational toluene exposure of women or of wives of occupationally exposed men suggested an increased risk of miscarriage, but the studies had a number of limitations.
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The key animal data and findings from those reviews are discussed briefly below and are updated with studies published since the reviews were performed. Additional outcomes have been assessed in epidemiologic studies of workers exposed to VC.
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In rats exposed at higher concentrations, an increased incidence of dilated ureters was found in offspring. In both mice and rats, the effects on offspring were observed at concentrations that produced maternal toxicity, as evidenced by increased mortality, reduced bodyweight, and reduced absolute hepatic weight in the dams.
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From page 271... ...
. Mice exposed by inhalation developed lung tumors, mammary-gland tumors, and angiosarcomas and adenocarcinomas in various sites (Drew et al.
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