Contaminated Water Supplies at Camp Lejeune Assessing Potential Health Effects (2009) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix E: Details of Epidemiologic Studies on Trichloroethylene and Perchloroethylene
Appendix E: Details of Epidemiologic Studies on Trichloroethylene and Perchloroethylene
Pages 272-318
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From page 272... ...
Appendix E Details of Epidemiologic Studies on Trichloroethylene and Perchloroethylene 272
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Blair et al. 2003 Cohort study of dry cleaners Exposure score for jobs based on published Exposure score assigned on basis of jobs Adjustment for age, sex, monitoring studies of dry-cleaning held (cleaners, high, score of 40; pressers, calendar time PCE used as solvent in dry cleaning industry; scores increased with proximity sewers, counter workers, score of 7; pickup workers, low, score of 0)
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PCE exposure for at least one job period (1+ year) , cumulative of TCE in ppm per Ever worked in tasks, occupations, or TCE, PCE job per year in job, peaks; assessment industries with TCE or PCE exposure semiquantitative for exposure to TCE, Renal-cell cancer PCE; qualitative for other occupational Cumulative exposure assessed with JEM exposures; confidence score (certain, (Pannet et al.
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; preconception period, duration of pregnancy; 1st, 2nd, 3nd trimester of pregnancy; period from time of birth to case diagnosis De Roos et al. 2001 Case-control (cases identified from Self-reported occupational exposures to Self-reported parental exposure to five Adjustment for child's hospitals participating in two solvents obtained by telephone interview; categories of chemicals (halogenated age, maternal race, pediatric collaborative clinical trials)
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asked; expert committee (occupational Cumulative exposure score: sum of exposure physicians, epidemiologists, industrial scores for each employment Systemic sclerosis hygienists) assessed exposure Exposure score: probability x intensity x frequency x duration; probability of exposure: 0 = nonexposure, 0.25 = possible exposure, 0.75 = probable exposure, 1 = certain exposure; intensity of exposure: 0 for nonexposure to 1 for highest level of exposure; length of time worked daily: <10% = 0.05, 10-50% = 0.30, >50% = 0.75; number of years worked Fabbro-Peray et al.
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Population-based case-control Maternal occupational exposures to Jobs held during 2 years before, during Adjustment for age, 2005 solvents before and during pregnancy pregnancy coded as "possible," "probable," education Quebec, Canada estimated by coding by job for specific "definite"; level assigned (low = 1, medium contaminants (also called expert method) ; = 2, high = 3)
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solvents, five specific categories of Occupational solvent use in chemical classes, eight individual manufacturing industries or chemicals; occupational history agriculture questionnaires Lymphoma Morgan and Cohort study of residents with Residence in census tracts near Redlands, None (SIRs -- indirect standardization) Cassady 2002 contaminated drinking water CA (where concerns about contamination of groundwater, drinking water with TCE, San Bernardino County, CA (13 ammonium perchlorate; 1980 assessment census tracts)
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, calendar Force Base I, Utah; semiquantitative period of use, years of exposure; categorized TCE, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, estimate of TCE exposure obtained from into tertiles methylene chloride, carbon comprehensive exposure assessment; tetrachloride, cumulative exposure score computed for JP4 gasoline, Freon, each subject isopropyl alcohol, acetone, toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, o-dichlorobenzene, PCE, chloroform, stoddard solvent, styrene, xylene End-stage renal disease (Continued)
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2002 Cross-sectional; residents above dry- Apartment residents above dry cleaner; air Personal monitoring of PCE with passive cleaning shops, day-care workers sampling of PCE in apartments; day-care monitors (3M organic vapor monitors) for sharing building with dry cleaner workers sharing building with dry cleaner exposed persons compared with NY State Department of Health controls, matched by age Creatinine-adjusted urinary PCE, (within 2 years)
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or next of kin distribution among exposed controls: at least PCE from inner vinyl liner leaching 50th percentile, over 50th percentile, over Adjustment for age at from cement pipes distributing tap 75th percentile, over 90th percentile; ever vs diagnosis or index year, water never exposed family history of breast cancer, personal history Breast cancer Inhalation exposure: function of of breast cancer, age at temperature, frequency, duration of baths, first live birth or showers, concentration of PCE volatilized in stillbirth, occupational air from water exposure to PCE Dermal absorption: function of surface area, Fick's law Ingestion: function of volume of tap water consumed Yauck et al. 2004 Case-control GIS used to calculate distances between Proximity measure using classification-tree Milwaukee,WI maternal residence, TCE sites; method: distance from maternal residence to classification tree analysis used to TCE-emitting facility dichotomized into TCE-emitting sites in Milwaukee, determine distance for dichotomizing exposed (residence within 1.32 miles of at surrounding areas, 1996-1999 exposure: within or outside 1.32 miles of at least one site)
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Environmental Protection Agency, GIS = geographic information system, ILO = International Labor Organization, IOM = Institute of Medicine, JEB = job-exposure matrix, LMP = last menstrual period, OR = odds ratio, PAH = polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, PCE = perchloroethylene, PDD = personal delivered dose, RDD = relative delivered dose, RR = relative risk, SES = socioeconomic status, SIR = standardized incidence ratio, SMR = standardized mortality ratio, SSFL = Santa Susana Field Laboratory, TCE = trichloroethylene
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2006 Male workers at rocket-engine testing facility 4 1.25 (0.34-3.21) SMR ESOPHAGEAL CANCER Cohort Studies -- Incidence Raaschou-Nielsen et al.
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COLON CANCER Cohort Studies -- Incidence Morgan and Cassady 2002 Redlands, CA, community exposed to TCE, PCE in drinking water 327d 0.86 (99%CI 0.74-0.99) SIR Raaschou-Nielsen et al.
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SIR Sung et al. 2007 Female electronics workers in Taoyuan, Taiwan 98d 1.10 (0.89-1.34)
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HEPATIC CANCER Cohort Studies -- Incidence Morgan and Cassady 2002 Redlands, CA, community exposed to TCE, PCE in drinking water 28f 1.29 (99%CI 0.74-2.05) SIR Raaschou-Nielsen et al.
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2006 Male workers at rocket-engine testing facility 2 1.45 (0.18-5.25) SMR LUNG CANCER Cohort Studies -- Incidence Hansen et al.
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SIR Sung et al. 2007 Female electronics workers in Taoyuan, Taiwan 46h 0.92 (0.67-1.23)
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SIR Cohort Study -- Mortality Chang et al. 2003 Electronics-manufacturing workers in Taiwan exposed to TCE, PCE: Men 0 -- Women 0 -- BREAST CANCER Cohort Studies -- Incidence Morgan and Cassady 2002 Redlands, CA, community exposed to TCE, PCE in drinking water 536 1.09 (99%CI 0.97-1.21)
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SMR PCE (women) Employed <1 year 14 0.84 SMR Employed 1-5 years 6 0.89 SMR Employed >5 years 1 0.34 SMR UTERINE CANCER Cohort Studies -- Incidence Morgan and Cassady 2002 Redlands, CA, community exposed to TCE, PCE in drinking water 124 1.35 (99%CI 1.06-1.70)
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SMR PCE (women) : Employed <1 year 1 0.18 SMR Employed 1-5 years 3 1.36 SMR Employed >5 years 3 3.45 SMR PROSTATIC CANCER Cohort Studies -- Incidence Morgan and Cassady 2002 Redlands, CA, community exposed to TCE, PCE in drinking water 483 1.11 (99%CI 0.98-1.25)
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2006 Male workers at rocket-engine testing facility 0l 0 (0.00-8.53) SMR RENAL CANCER Cohort Studies -- Incidence Morgan and Cassady 2002 Redlands, CA, community exposed to TCE, PCE in drinking water 54 0.80 (99%CI 0.54-1.12)
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2006 Male workers at rocket-engine testing facility 7 2.22 (0.89-4.57) SMR Case-Control Studies Brüning et al.
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2006 Male workers at rocket-engine testing facility 5n 1.66 (0.54-3.87) SMR SKIN MELANOMAS Cohort Studies -- Incidence Morgan and Cassady 2002 Redlands, CA, community exposed to TCE, PCE in drinking water 137 1.42 (99%CI 1.13-1.77)
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2001a Danish workers: Men 1 0.4 (0.01-2.1) SIR Women 0 -- Morgan and Cassady 2002 Redlands, CA, community exposed to TCE, PCE in drinking water 37 1.54 (99%CI 0.96-2.31)
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2006 Male workers at rocket-engine testing facility 3 0.81 (0.17-2.36) SMR CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CANCER IN CHILDREN Cohort Studies -- Incidence Morgan and Cassady 2002 Redlands, CA, community exposed to TCE, PCE in drinking water 6 1.05 (99%CI 0.24-2.70)
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2006 Male workers at rocket-engine testing facility 1 0.21 (0.01-1.18) SMR Case-Control Studies Miligi et al.
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HODGKIN DISEASE Cohort Studies -- Incidence Hansen et al. 2001a Danish workers: Men 0 -- Women 0 -- Morgan and Cassady 2002 Redlands, CA, community exposed to TCE, PCE in drinking water 17 0.93 (99%CI 0.44-1.67)
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2006 Male workers at rocket-engine testing facility 5q 1.08 (0.35-2.53) SMR CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA Cohort Studies -- Mortality Boice et al.
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CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA Cohort Studies -- Incidence Morgan and Cassady 2002 Redlands, CA, community exposed to TCE, PCE in drinking water 10 1.09 (99%CI 0.38-2.31) SIR Case-Control Studies Costas et al.
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Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval, MOR = mortality odds ratio, OR = odds ratio, SIR = standardized incidence ratio, SMR = standardized mortality ratio.
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High final cumulative exposure (men and women)
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symptoms (according to Unified Parkinson's Mean duration: 27 yr Disease Rating Scale) ; asymptomatic group had Median duration: 28 yr significantly slower fine motor movement than control group (P< 0.0001)
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BUCCAL CAVITY, PHARYNGEAL CANCER Cohort Studies -- Incidence Chang et al. 2005 Electronics-manufacturing workers in Taiwan exposed to TCE, PCE: Men 19 0.55 (0.33-0.86)
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2 2.50 SMR HEPATIC CANCER Cohort Studies -- Incidence Morgan and Cassady 2002 Redlands, CA, community exposed to TCE, PCE in drinking water 28c 1.29 (99%CI 0.74-2.05) SIR Cohort Studies -- Mortality Blair et al.
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2003 Electronics-manufacturing workers in Taiwan exposed to TCE, PCE: Men 0 -- Women 0 -- LUNG CANCER Cohort Studies -- Incidence Morgan and Cassady 2002 Redlands, CA, community exposed to TCE, PCE in drinking water 356d 0.71 (99%CI 0.61-0.81) SIR Chang et al.
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2003 Electronics-manufacturing workers in Taiwan exposed to TCE, PCE: Men 0 -- Women 0 -- BREAST CANCER Cohort Studies -- Incidence Morgan and Cassady 2002 Redlands, CA, community exposed to TCE, PCE in drinking water 536 1.09 (99%CI 0.97-1.21) SIR (women only)
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OR CERVICAL CANCER Cohort Studies -- Incidence Morgan and Cassady 2002 Redlands, CA, community exposed to TCE, PCE in drinking water 29 0.65 (99%CI 0.38-1.02)
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RR UTERINE CANCER Cohort Studies -- Incidence Morgan and Cassady 2002 Redlands, CA, community exposed to TCE, PCE in drinking water 124 1.35 (99%CI 1.06-1.70) SIR Chang et al.
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RENAL CANCER Cohort Studies -- Incidence Morgan and Cassady 2002 Redlands, CA, community exposed to TCE, PCE in drinking water 54 0.80 (99%CI 0.54-1.12) SIR Chang et al.
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2003 Electronics-manufacturing workers in Taiwan exposed to TCE, PCE: Men 0 -- Women 0 -- CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CANCER Cohort Studies -- Incidence Morgan and Cassady 2002 Redlands, CA, community exposed to TCE, PCE in drinking water 37 1.54 (99%CI 0.96-2.31) SIR Chang et al.
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OR >9.1 to ≤78.8 ppm-year 1 1.5 (0.2-12.5) OR >78.8 ppm-year 1 -- HODGKIN DIESASE Cohort Studies -- Incidence Morgan and Cassady 2002 Redlands, CA, community exposed to TCE, PCE via drinking water 17 0.93 (99%CI 0.44-1.67)
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2007 Cases with occupational exposure in Germany: >0 to ≤ 9.1 ppm-year 3 1.8 (0.5-6.7) OR >9.1 to ≤78.8 ppm-year 0 -- >78.8 ppm-year 0 -- LEUKEMIA Cohort Studies -- Incidence Morgan and Cassady 2002 Redlands, CA, community exposed to TCE, PCE in drinking water 77k 1.02 (99%CI 0.74-1.35)
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2007 Cases with occupational exposure in Germany: >0 to ≤ 9.1 ppm-year 1 -- Costas et al. 2002 Cases in Woburn, MA (drinking water contaminated with TCE, PCE, other chemicals)
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k All leukemias. Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval, MOR = mortality odds ratio, OR = odds ratio, PCE = perchloroethylene, RR = relative risk, SIR = standardized incidence ratio, SMR = standardized mortality ratio, TCE = trichloroethylene.
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last menstrual period Exposure entire pregnancy, at least 1 year before last 61 1.1 (90% CI 0.9-1.4) menstrual period All births 622 1.2 (90% CI 1.0-1.3)
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OR Abbreviations: ADD = attention deficit disorder, CI = confidence interval, HD = hyperactivity disorder, OR = odds ratio, PCE = perchloroethylene.
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TABLE E-5b Visual Contrast Sensitivity and Visual Acuity 318 Reference Population Exposure, Duration Effects Schreiber et al. Apartment residents above dry cleaner Mean, 778 µg/m3 Visual contrast sensitivity trend in Lanthony D15-d; no change 2002 Median, 350 µg/m3 in visual acuity Mean residence, 5.8 years Lifetime dose, 3,400 µg/m3 Day-care workers sharing building with Mean, 2,150 µg/m3 Visual contrast sensitivity; no change in visual acuity dry cleaner Median, 2,150 µg/m3 Mean work, 4.0 years Lifetime dose, 1,978 µg/m3
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