Sustaining Global Surveillance and Response to Emerging Zoonotic Diseases (2009) / Chapter Skim
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6 Sustainable Financing for Global Disease Surveillance and Response
6 Sustainable Financing for Global Disease Surveillance and Response
Pages 187-204
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From page 187... ...
Developing an international financing framework especially to assist resource-constrained countries will be challenging. The existing international aid architecture for combating zoonotic diseases is fragmented, and fostering multisectoral cooperation between human and animal health at the local and global levels has proven difficult.
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From page 188... ...
During an international response to a zoonotic disease, a number of different stakeholders may often hold or withhold information or resources depending on their particular incentives and objectives. A more centralized approach can mitigate some of this, but the growing reality is that the open economy and globalization are presenting both challenges and opportunities for how future disease surveillance systems will be defined and funded.
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From page 189... ...
Veterinarians and animal health professionals are an essential component in detecting zoonotic diseases earlier and therefore preventing infection in humans. But more fundamental issues may also be inhibiting long-term growth and sustainability.
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From page 190... ...
. Building an adequate and sustainable human and animal health infrastructure that includes critical components such as disease surveillance, on the other hand, requires raising the overall levels of technical capacity, building human and financial capital, and fostering collaboration between the public and private sectors.
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From page 191... ...
CURRENT FUNDING EFFORTS Regardless of the proportions of fiscal contributions from any sector or the relationship between them, the funding needs for developing and sustaining a global disease surveillance system for emerging and reemerging zoonotic diseases will be significant. Recent concerns about a potential highly virulent human influenza pandemic have resulted in coordinated international action to help countries improve their ability to detect disease outbreaks.
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From page 192... ...
Facility helps developing countries meet their financing gaps within their integrated national plans to minimize risk and socioeconomic impact of the pandemic on humans and animals. As of January 2009, the total pledged commitment to the AHI Facility was more than $126 million equivalent (World Bank, 2009a)
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From page 193... ...
, Norway, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Switzerland, and Thailand. cTotal of pledges from the three international conferences on avian and pandemic influenza (Bamako, Beijing, and New Delhi)
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From page 194... ...
However, in countries that could afford their own programs if desired, these resources would either displace national resources for disease surveillance or be misspent if incentives for the country to detect and report an outbreak are not changed. In addition, the global approach to finance widespread prevention or control of HPAI H5N1 needs to consist of multisectoral coordination and integrated response at the national, subnational, and global levels as detailed in recommendations from the FAO, OIE, WHO, UNSIC, UNICEF, and World Bank Strategic Framework (2008)
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From page 195... ...
It also includes the approximate estimate of the needs to complete the current campaign, which is based on the considerable number of already prepared Integrated National Action Plans (140 by September 2008)
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From page 196... ...
Because of their transboundary nature, protection from highly infectious zoonotic diseases is generally considered a global public good. Preventing the emergence and cross-border spread of human and animal highly infectious diseases conforms to this definition and is generally considered to be a global public good.
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From page 197... ...
Quite understandably, a long-term investment in the operation of a disease surveillance system cannot be feasibly prioritized above other needs for low-income countries. International funding is therefore necessary and fully justified in view of the global public good involved, as well as the human and animal health and economic benefit that the international community derives from early detection of a potential health or economic (trade)
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From page 198... ...
The committee reviewed several options for funding this global public good: • Long-term twinning arrangements between human and animal health institutes of high-income and resource-poor countries, funded by specific budget lines in those high-income countries; • Long-term commitments of governments to fund WHO/IHR 2005 and FAO/OIE in supporting global disease surveillance systems; • Establishment of special endowments through nonconventional donors; • Imposition of a levy on internationally traded meat; and • Other public–private partnerships. The fund, regardless of its sources, could provide the full costs of global disease surveillance (infrastructure and recurrent costs)
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From page 199... ...
Documentation required for shipment and receipt of biological materials has increased dramatically since 9/11 and can prolong diagnosis time. Long-Term Commitments of Governments to Fund WHO/IHR and FAO/OIE This would imply that high- and middle-income countries directly commit to permanently support a funding mechanism established by international agencies.
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From page 200... ...
As in the twinning arrangement, it would provide an incentive to the middle- and high-income countries because a strong global disease surveillance and early alert system would help to protect their food-animal production sector against the introduction of other contagious animal diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease. Under the same argument of enlightened self-interest, the levy would have to be collected by the exporting country, and it would be relatively easy to collect by customs offices.
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From page 201... ...
in an era of globalization and promotion of free trade, its legality under current World Trade Organization rules, and other impacts, such as the potential for increased illegal importation of bushmeat. Strengthened disease surveillance systems, which would be the intended result of such a funding mechanism, would also help to reduce such illegal trade of bushmeat.
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From page 202... ...
Global food supermarket and restaurant chains have a direct interest in preserving animal and human health, as emerging zoonotic diseases have serious economic repercussions. Typically, until now, they have protected their own herd/flock health, but with past experiences, for example in East Asia, where HPAI H5N1 outbreaks have seriously affected demand for poultry products, they have become more interested in contributing to a wider national or regional surveillance and response system.
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From page 203... ...
2009. Consultation on a new independent body for animal health: A modern governance and funding structure for tackling animal diseases.
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From page 204... ...
2009b. International development association: Borrowing countries.
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