Sustaining Global Surveillance and Response to Emerging Zoonotic Diseases (2009) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix B: Surveillance and Response of Select Zoonotic Disease Outbreaks
Appendix B: Surveillance and Response of Select Zoonotic Disease Outbreaks
Pages 277-292
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From page 277... ...
Approximately 200 prairie dogs were in this facility and possibly exposed to human monkeypox in the period between when the Illinois animal distributor purchased the African rodents and the first reported human case of human monkeypox. A Texan animal distributor legally imported the infected rodents (762 rodents that included rope squirrels, tree squirrels, Gambian giant rats, brush-tailed porcupines, dormice, and striped mice)
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From page 278... ...
Based on risk-assessment of the further transmission of the human monkeypox virus, FDA removed its regulation in 21 C.F.R. 1240.63 in 2008 and concluded that CDC's interim final rule and routine state disease surveillance and preventive measures were sufficient to prevent new human and animal cases of human monkeypox.
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From page 279... ...
was the government agency responsible for overseeing state veterinary services under the State Veterinary Service for Great Britain, composed of the Veterinary Investigation Service (VI Service) , the Veterinary Field Service, and the Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL)
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From page 280... ...
Because it was initially understood that BSE was spread through animal feed, in June 1988, the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Order 1988 introduced a ban of ruminant feed in addition to the compulsory notification of BSE. The Order, which came into effect on July 18 and only applied to Great Britain, required farmers or their veterinarians to notify the local Divisional Veterinary Officer if they suspected an animal was affected by BSE.
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From page 281... ...
First, regulations of the rendering industry changed the rendering processes, and, as a result of BSE, meat and bone meal is no longer used in the United Kingdom in animal feed or as fertilizer. Second, the introduction of regulations of the animal feed industry affected the industry but was an essential part of control of the disease.
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From page 282... ...
The active efforts of be disclosed, treating this characterize the first SARS government officials in information as "top secret." cases as an atypical Beijing to suppress Attempts to suppress pneumonia and suspect knowledge of the outbreak information fail when on that the causative agent is and the spread of the April 4, the health director an influenza virus. In disease within China of China's Center for January 2003, Guangdong compromise the Disease Control apologizes health authorities release a international response, to China's citizens about report with details of the especially the investigations the agency's failure to outbreak, but official on the magnitude and risk inform the public about the confirmation to WHO is of an international spread of threat of this new disease.
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From page 283... ...
The George W Bush signs virus transmission along executive order adding five major airline routes by SARS to the list of the symptomatic individuals quarantinable traveling from Hong Kong to communicable diseases, Beijing, Hanoi, Singapore, which provides CDC July 5, 2003: WHO Taiwan, and Toronto with legal authority to announces the global accelerates the global implement isolation and containment of the SARS spread of SARS.
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From page 284... ...
. These measures included slaughter of 1.6 million chickens present in wholesale facilities or vendors within Hong Kong; banning importation of chickens from neighboring areas; instituting serological monitoring of chickens in Hong Kong; marketing chickens separately from other avian species; separating chickens and ducks for transport to market; slaughtering chickens and ducks separately; changing the operation and management of the live market system such that aquatic birds were no longer housed and sold in Hong Kong live bird markets, rather they were made available for sale only as killed, chilled poultry; serologically screening all poultry imported for sale in Hong Kong for avian influenza virus H5 subtype antibody prior to release for sale; and instituting measures to improve hygiene in the markets.
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From page 285... ...
. During the fourth wave from October to December 2005, 21 provinces reported outbreaks in poultry, which resulted in a loss of 4 million birds.
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From page 286... ...
Additionally, there was a cost benefit of implementing vaccination in poultry versus mass culling of poultry. However, the World Organization for Animal Health has recently emphasized the need for an exit strategy in places where vaccination is being used as a control measure that have been able to improve veterinary services and biosecurity measures (OIE, 2009)
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From page 287... ...
After conversations with CDC and the state health department, city health officials sent patient specimens to the state virology laboratory for examination. Field investigations revealed the presence of Culex pipiens mosquito breeding sites and larvae in many of the patients' homes and in the Queens neighborhood, reinforcing the theory of viral encephalitis.
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From page 288... ...
City public health officials first became aware of the bird deaths after news report on the SLE outbreak resulted in calls to the bureau hotline. On the other hand, after listening to news reports of an SLE outbreak in Queens, the Bronx Zoo chief pathologist began to suspect a possible link between the bird deaths and human cases of SLE and decided to send specimens directly to the National Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL)
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From page 289... ...
, an e-mail-based alert system, was extended to veterinarians and other animal or wildlife specialists who wish to receive veterinary alerts from the New York City DOH. Furthermore, the NYS DOH has sponsored several meetings, jointly with the Veterinary Medical Association, on animal disease surveillance as part of the efforts to enhance relations with the animal health community (practicing veterinarians, wildlife specialists, zoo veterinarians, agriculture agencies, etc.)
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From page 290... ...
2009, which was greatly appreciated by animal health authorities and the swine industry. The media, however, continued to inappropriately refer to the virus as the "swine flu," causing public confusion about the actual risk factors for exposure and therefore leading policymakers to base their responses on factors other than evidence.
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From page 291... ...
. Given the importance of encouraging disease surveillance, reporting, and response by the livestock industry in an effective emerging zoonotic disease surveillance system, these losses based on misinformation are unfortunate and serve to discourage future cooperation in an integrated surveillance and response effort.
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From page 292... ...
2005. Isolation and characterization of avian influenza viruses, including highly pathogenic H5N1, from poultry in live bird markets in Hanoi, Vietnam, in 2001.
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