Sustaining Global Surveillance and Response to Emerging Zoonotic Diseases (2009) / Chapter Skim
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Unfortunately, for several reasons, the disease surveillance systems operating around the world are not very effective or timely in alerting officials to newly emerging zoonotic diseases -- diseases transmitted between humans and animals. Emerging zoonoses are a growing concern given multiple factors.
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approached the Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council for advice on how to achieve more sustainable global capacity for surveillance and response to emerging zoonotic diseases. A study committee was formed to review global responses to zoonotic diseases over the past several decades and to examine the current state of global zoonotic disease surveillance systems in light of the underlying causes of disease emergence and spread.
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It was beyond the committee's charge to comprehensively assess how best to implement appropriate evidence-based responses to an emerging zoonotic disease in human and animal populations; therefore, significant further review and study of integrated emergency response systems is needed. Detecting and responding to zoonotic diseases is challenging, the committee found, because the underlying drivers of zoonotic disease emergence and spread result from an evolving complex of biological, genetic, ecological, political, economic, and social factors.
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government is among the world leaders in disease surveillance and has a considerable stake in preventing the emergence and limiting the spread of zoonotic diseases, it should lead efforts to coordinate a globally integrated and sustainable zoonotic disease surveillance system. However, improving global zoonotic disease surveillance cannot be achieved without the proactive engagement of the World Health Organization (WHO)
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NOTE: OIE = World Organization for Animal Health. High-Priority Recommendations The committee examined several infectious disease surveillance systems already in operation to identify some effective systems, uncover gaps in efforts, and examine improvements to existing systems to achieve the desired global disease surveillance system.
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Economic: Financing and Incentives for Surveillance and Response Funding needs will be significant to develop and sustain a global disease surveillance system for emerging and reemerging zoonotic diseases. Existing
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UNSIC provides a useful model for the governance of a global zoonotic disease surveillance system. Recommendation 3-1: USAID, in cooperation with the UN and other stakeholders from human and animal health sectors, should promote the establishment of a coordinating body to ensure progress toward development and implementation of harmonized, long-term strategies for integrated surveillance and response for zoonotic diseases.
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and public- and private-sector partners should assist nations in developing, adapting for local conditions, and implementing information and com munication technologies for integrated zoonotic disease surveillance. Effective use of such technologies facilitates acquisition, integration, management, analysis, and visualization of data sources across hu man and animal health sectors and empowers information sharing across local, national, and international levels.
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The committee found that no resource exists to provide data on existing global zoonotic disease diagnostic laboratory capability and capacity for both human and animal health sectors. Moreover, no model is available for a workable global laboratory network infrastructure for integrated zoonotic disease diagnosis and reporting.
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Department of Defense reference laboratories and collaborating centers, many of which have a single disease or other focus mandate. Green dots are laboratories that have a broader function in zoonotic and emerging diseases.
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This is a serious and noticeable gap in current global zoonotic disease surveillance and response efforts. Recommendation 1-5: The U.S.
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Strengthen Incentives for Country and Local Reporting An important lesson from disease outbreaks such as HPAI H5N1 is that the ability of the global human and animal health systems to respond is only as good as the ability and willingness of local and national systems to detect and report outbreaks. Bilateral aid agencies and international organizations have not yet paid enough attention to reducing the tendencies of countries to conceal
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National governments need to make explicit plans to increase incentives by allocating financial resources for adequate reparation to those who stand to lose from reporting, while decreasing disincentives by reviewing and reducing the unwarranted use of outbreak control measures such as travel restrictions, quarantines, and culling. Political: Governance of Global Efforts to Improve Surveillance and Response Capabilities Deepen Engagement of Stakeholders The complexity of achieving sustainable, integrated national and global surveillance and response systems for zoonotic diseases requires deliberate and intensified efforts to engage and connect all relevant stakeholders at each governance level -- local, national,
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Recommendation 3-3: To protect animal health and international trade, and to contribute significantly to the reduction of human and animal health impacts from zoonotic diseases, OIE members states should take the necessary steps to: (a) Adhere to Resolution 17 (adopted on May 28, 2009)
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(d) Empower the OIE Director-General to declare animal health emer gencies of international concern with respect to emerging or re emerging zoonotic diseases that constitute a serious animal or public health risk to other countries and issue recommendations about how countries should address such emergencies.
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Internationally, OIE should adopt a broader view of its remit by forming an ad hoc committee to assess the most significant disease risks in the international trade in wildlife, including those of potential impact to human, livestock, and environmental health. CONCLUSION Minimizing morbidity and mortality in human and animal populations and protecting national and global security, international trade, and individual livelihoods through a sustainable and integrated zoonotic disease surveillance system is both a global public good and in the self-interest of all nations.
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