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Emerging Viral Infections in the Asian Part of Russia--Sergei V. Netesov and Natalya A. Markovich
Emerging Viral Infections in the Asian Part of Russia--Sergei V. Netesov and Natalya A. Markovich
Pages 323-338
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From page 323... ...
Markovich, Federal State Research Institution�State Research �State Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector The so-called emerging infections are primarily the result of increased human activities such as international and domestic trade, tourism, industrialization and its consequences, and, to a lesser extent, climate change, which are detailed in this paper. The stages of emergence and spread of highly pathogenic subtype H5 avian influenza virus over the territory of Russia in 2005-2007 are considered, as well as the corresponding measures of its control.
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From page 324... ...
Veterinarians began detecting disease in wild birds and later in domesticated birds at many sites in western Siberia and reported their findings to the local Rosselkhoznadzor offices. In particular, analogous epizootics were recorded in July-August 2005 in wild birds and subsequently in domesticated species in Altai Krai and Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Kemerovo, Omsk, and Kurgan oblasts, as well as in Pavlodar Oblast in Kazakhstan (Lipatov et al., 2007)
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From page 325... ...
Rosselkhoznadzor officers are shown.
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From page 326... ...
The sequence of events for diagnosis of the disease and study of the properties of avian influenza virus strains in Russia in July 2006 was as follows: • July 11, 2006: A gamekeeper from the village of Suzdalka and a veterinary officer from Dovolnoye Region reported to the regional office of Rosselkhoznadzor about a mass mortality of wild birds on Suzdalka Lake. • July 15, 2006: The first recording of the mass mortality event among domesticated birds in the village of Suzdalka, Novosibirsk Oblast, was made; the first team from the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector was sent to Suzdalka.
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From page 327... ...
It was clear that this outbreak could be repeated in the fall, as the migratory birds from northern Siberia would cross southern Siberia on their way to wintering sites. Therefore, to prepare an avian influenza forecast for the fall of 2006, the team of experts from Vector, the Institute of Animal Systematics and Ecology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the regional Rosselkhoznadzor office constructed a map of autumn flyways for the migratory birds of western Siberia (see Figure 10-2)
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From page 328... ...
328 SWEDEN FINLAND POLAND BELARUS Moscow UKRAINE S I B E R I A N F E D E R A L D I S T R I C T TURKEY MONGOLIA IRAQ UZBEKISTAN TURKMENISTAN IRAN CHINA AFGHANISTAN FIGURE 10-2 Flyways of the fall migration of migratory birds crossing the territory of Siberian Federal District.
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From page 329... ...
Note that in the spring of 2006, almost all the stock on individual poultry farms in western Siberia was inoculated with inactivated vaccine based on the H5N1-subtype influenza virus, and an epizootic in Novosibirsk Oblast was recorded only in the village of Reshety, Dovolnoye Region, where the inhabitants refused to vaccinate their domestic fowl. Thus, their unintentional experiment demonstrated that the veterinary vaccine used was actually effective (personal communication of Rosselkhoznadzor official)
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From page 330... ...
. That summer, additional outbreaks were noted in European Russia (Kabardino-Balkaria; Chechen Republic; the republics of Adygeya, Dagestan, and Kalmykia; Stavropol and Krasnodar krais; and Astrakhan, Volgograd, and Rostov oblasts, where mortality was observed both among wild and domesticated birds on individual farms)
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From page 331... ...
Consequently, an avian influenza virus strain pathogenic for humans probably could have been circulating in Siberia at that time; perhaps the population of western Siberia was just lucky to avoid human influenza cases caused by the H5subtype influenza virus. Note that all severe respiratory disease cases at least in Novosibirsk Oblast and in neighboring regions of western Siberia in 2005-2006 were thoroughly monitored.
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From page 332... ...
Organs (in lg of titer) Virus strain EID lgEID50 MID lgMID50 MLD lgMLD50 Lungs Spleen Brain Liver Kidneys A/Gs/Krasnoozerskoye/627/05 9.2 2.2 2.3 6.1 1.6 5.2 1.6 2.6 A/Tk/Suzdalka/1-12/05 9.3 5.3 6.3 4.1 <1 2.3 <1 <1 A/VN/1204*
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From page 333... ...
In 2007, avian influenza outbreaks were recorded only in the European part of Russia: • The Republic of Adygeya in Krasnodar Krai: There were several outbreaks among domesticated birds on individual farms in January-February, with the recovered strains shown to be closely related to strains isolated in Azerbaijan and Turkey in the fall of 2006. • Nine regions of Moscow Oblast in February (in domestic fowl kept in yards)
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From page 334... ...
However, it should be kept in mind that avian influenza is not the only emerging disease and that migratory birds are only one potential source for the appearance and spread of emerging infections. Other possible sources are discussed in the following sections.
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From page 335... ...
CLIMATE CHANGE (WEST NILE AND JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES IN SIBERIA) Global warming and resulting climate change creates conditions appropriate for reproduction of more southern insect species on territories with previously severe climate, and these insect species that are new to particular areas appear able to transmit diseases that have not been transmitted by the insects that have long inhabited these areas.
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From page 336... ...
Today, such air conditioners are present not only in offices but also in apartments, so cases of Legionnaire's disease have consequently appeared. In western Siberia, such cases were recorded in Biisk (Altai Krai)
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From page 337... ...
This is also very important for European countries, as migratory birds during one season transfer the pathogens reproducing in them over vast territories. One of the most important rest stops and nesting grounds for birds migrating to Eurasia is located in the southern part of western Siberia (Chany Lake and other lakes of Altai Krai and Omsk and Novosibirsk oblasts)
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From page 338... ...
Species composition of mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) and possibility of the West Nile virus natural foci formation in the south of Western Siberia.
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