Russian Views on Countering Terrorism During Eight Years of Dialogue Extracts from Proceedings of Four U.S.-Russian Workshops (2009) / Chapter Skim
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The Problem of Oil and Natural Gas Pipeline Security--S. G. Serebryakov
The Problem of Oil and Natural Gas Pipeline Security--S. G. Serebryakov
Pages 343-352
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From page 343... ...
It includes 268 compressor stations with a total of 4,078 pumping units with a 44.8 million kilowatt capacity, as well as 3,818 natural gas distribution stations. As of December 31, 2005, the average length of service for major natural gas pipelines was 22 years.
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From page 344... ...
344 RUSSIA KAZAKHSTAN KYRGYZSTAN UZBEKISTAN TAJIKISTAN TURKMENISTAN FIGURE 15-1 Russia's Unified Natural Gas Supply System.
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From page 345... ...
They make it possible to handle seasonal fluctuations in natural gas demand, reduce peak system loads, and ensure flexible and reliable gas transmission. Three underground storage facilities are under construction, including one near Volgograd that will be the largest of its kind in Europe, with a volume of 800 million cubic meters and a daily output capacity of 70 million cubic meters.
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From page 346... ...
346 Oil pipeline Oil transfer station Port Belarus Tanker car loading station Refinery MOSCOW RUSSIAN F E D E R AT I O N Georgia Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan FIGURE 15-3 Unified system of major oil pipelines of Transneft and nearby foreign countries.
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From page 347... ...
At the end of 2005, the total length of Russia's major pipelines was more than 231,000 kilometers, including the following: • Major natural gas pipelines: 161,100 kilometers • Major oil pipelines: 49,000 kilometers • Major refined product pipelines: 19,500 kilometers • Ammonia pipelines: 1,400 kilometers All of these facilities present a significant danger to personnel, the public, and the environment. A report submitted in 2005 by the Russian Federal Service for Environmental, Technological, and Nuclear Oversight (FSETNO)
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From page 348... ...
Operator error 1 - 1 2 5. Defective parts or materials received from manufacturer 2 2 – 4 Total 19 13 3 45 TABLE 15-2 Accident and Fatal Injury Rates for Major Pipeline Operations in 2004 and 2005 Number of accidents Number of fatalities due to injury Pipelines 2004 2005 +/- 2004 2005 +/Natural gas 29 19 –10 2 2 0 pipelines Oil pipelines 19 13 –6 3 2 –1 Refined product 0 3 +3 1 – –1 pipelines Total 48 45 –13 6 4 –2 Total length of 231 231 0 pipelines (in thousands of km)
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From page 349... ...
On April 15, 1996, a bombing severed a major natural gas pipeline 1,200 millimeters in diameter on the left bank of the Terek River in Shelkovskaya Region in the Republic of Chechnya. When the explosive device was detonated near where the gas pipeline emerges from underground, the entire pipeline was blown off its supports.
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From page 350... ...
It created the Security Systems Department, including mobile armed groups and economic security subunits for the company as a whole and for its subsidiaries, to provide physical protection for oil transport facilities. To prevent pipeline damage and oil thefts due to unauthorized pipeline cuts, the Security Systems Department is introducing several technical capabilities and closely tracking all modern research developments in this field both in Russia and abroad.
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From page 351... ...
However, the greatest disruptions in oil supplies to the world market would be caused by actions against the oil pipelines of Saudi Arabia, which produces about 25 percent of the world's oil and which has about 17,000 kilometers of pipelines throughout the country, primarily located underground. Economists have calculated that the risk of terrorist attacks has already caused the price of oil to rise by about $10 per barrel as a sort of insurance premium.
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From page 352... ...
With this in mind, it would make sense to reduce the length of damaged pipeline segments that must be repaired. However, it must be understood that ensuring the security of natural gas and oil pipelines is a rather complex problem, the resolution of which is determined by improved equipment and technology for new pipeline construction, more reliable diagnostics, modern means of rapidly eliminating the consequences of accidents, and, on the other hand, development of effective measures and equipment for preventing terrorist attacks against elements of the oil and gas infrastructure.
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