Prudent Practices in the Laboratory Handling and Management of Chemical Hazards, Updated Version (2011) / Chapter Skim
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8 Management of Waste
8 Management of Waste
Pages 183-210
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From page 183... ...
8 Management of Waste 8.A INTRODUCTION 185 8.B CHEMICAL HAZARDOUS WASTE 186 8.B.1 In-Laboratory Hazard Reduction 186 8.B.2 Characterization of Waste 186 8.B.2.1 Characterization for Off-Site Management 186 8.B.2.2 Identification Responsibilities of All Laboratory Personnel 187 8.B.2.3 Characterization of Unknowns 187 8.B.2.4 In-Laboratory Test Procedures for Unknowns 187 8.B.3 Regulated Chemical Hazardous Waste 189 8.B.3.1 Definition of Characteristic Waste 189 8.B.3.2 Definition of Listed Waste 190 8.B.3.3 Determining the Regulatory Status of a Waste 190 8.B.3.4 Empty Containers 191 8.B.4 Collection and Storage of Waste 191 8.B.4.1 Accumulation of Waste at the Location of Generation 191 8.B.4.2 Accumulation of Waste in a Central Area 192 8.B.4.3 Special Regulations for Laboratories at Academic Institutions 194 8.B.5 Disposal of Nonhazardous and Nonregulated Waste 194 8.B.6 Treatment and Disposal Options 195 8.B.6.1 Treatment and Recycling 195 8.B.6.2 Disposal in the Sanitary Sewer 196 8.B.6.3 Release to the Atmosphere 196 8.B.6.4 Incineration 196 8.B.7 Monitoring Waste Services, Transport, and Off-Site Treatment and Disposal 197 8.B.7.1 Preparation for Off-Site Treatment or Disposal of Waste 198 8.B.7.2 Choice of Transporter and Disposal Facility 198 8.B.8 Liability Concerns 198 8.B.9 Manifesting Hazardous Wastes 199 8.B.10 Records and Record Keeping 199 8.C MULTIHAZARDOUS WASTE 201 8.C.1 Chemical–Radioactive (Mixed) Waste 202 8.C.1.1 Minimization of Mixed Waste 203 8.C.1.2 Safe Storage of Mixed Waste 203 8.C.1.3 Hazard Reduction of Mixed Waste 204 8.C.1.4 Commercial Disposal Services for Mixed Waste 204 8.C.2 Chemical–Biological Waste 205 8.C.2.1 Disposal of Chemically Contaminated Animal Tissue 206 8.C.2.2 Sewer Disposal of Chemical–Biological Liquids 206 183
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From page 184... ...
184 PRUDENT PRACTICES IN THE LABORATORY 8.C.2.3 Disinfection and Autoclaving of Contaminated Labware 206 8.C.2.4 Disposal of Chemically Contaminated Medical Waste and Sharps 206 8.C.2.5 Minimization Methods for Chemical–Biological Waste 207 8.C.3 Radioactive–Biological Waste 207 8.C.3.1 Off-Site Management of Low-Level Radioactive Waste 207 8.C.3.2 Disposal of Radioactive Animal Carcasses and Tissue 207 8.C.3.3 Disposal of Radioactive–Biological Contaminated Labware 208 8.C.3.4 Sewer Disposal of Radioactive–Biological Liquids 208 8.C.4 Chemical–Radioactive–Biological Waste 208 8.D PROCEDURES FOR THE LABORATORY-SCALE TREATMENT OF SURPLUS AND WASTE CHEMICALS 209 8.D.1 Treatment of Acids and Bases 209 8.D.2 Treatment of Other Chemicals 209
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From page 185... ...
purchasing only what is needed, keeping chemical Because these potential penalties can be significant, inventories to prevent the purchase of duplicates, this laboratory waste management guidance includes and reusing excess materials. Sanitary sewer disposal information on laws, regulations, rules, and ordinances of certain aqueous liquids is considered within this that are likely to be most important to people who work tier, although there are many restrictions (see section in laboratories and support laboratory operations.
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From page 186... ...
The first and second tiers of waste management The great variety of laboratory waste makes waste broadly describe methods of reducing quantity and categorization challenging. Transport and waste regulevel of hazard of laboratory waste.
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Although • presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) , expensive, some waste disposal firms offer on-site and services to categorize unknown laboratory waste to • presence of high-odor compounds.
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From page 188... ...
DWW, dangerous when wet; nos, not otherwise specified. Following categorization, select a hazard reduction procedure (section 8.D)
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From page 189... ...
The appearance the handling and disposal of waste, primary impor of a blue or blue-black color within 1 minute tance must be given to the safe and prudent handling of indicates the presence of peroxides. all laboratory wastes.
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From page 190... ...
The TCLP Most laboratories rely on their EHS staff or their waste list includes a relatively small number of indus disposal firm to determine EPA and DOT regulatory trially important toxic chemicals and is based categories (such as EPA ID numbers and transportation on the leachate concentration, above which a classes) , as well as waste characterization information waste is considered hazardous.
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From page 191... ...
• Collect hazardous or flammable waste solvents These are minimum standards. If empty containers in an appropriate container pending transfer to are to be recycled or disposed of in the normal trash, the institution's central facility or satellite site for it is recommended that labels be removed from empty chemical waste handling or pickup by commercial hazardous waste containers, and that they be emptied disposal firm.
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waste management occurs, it may also be the location where excess chemicals are held for possible redistribu Trained laboratory personnel, who are most familiar tion. Along with the laboratory, the central accumula
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shipped to a disposal site. In some cases the disposal method and ultimate fate Your hazardous waste disposal firm is frequently of the waste require that different wastes not be accu- involved with this phase of waste management.
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To take advantage of these provisions, academic facilities Some nonregulated laboratory waste is hazardous must implement a performance-oriented laboratory and should be safely managed. There are more waste management plan.
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In addition 8.B.6 Treatment and Disposal Options to the hazard reduction procedures described above, As described in the introduction to this chapter, the laboratories utilize several treatment and disposal opthird tier of waste management entails reclamation and tions because of the great variety of waste generated, recycling of materials from the waste. These methods and because each option (described below)
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From page 196... ...
When allowed by law, liquid laboratory wastes prohibited under RCRA. that are commonly disposed of in the sanitary sewer Chemical hoods, the most common source of laborainclude spent buffer solutions, neutralized mineral tory releases to the atmosphere, are designed as safety acids and caustics, and very dilute aqueous solutions devices to transport vapors away from laboratory of water-soluble organic solvents (e.g., methanol, etha- personnel, not as a routine means for volatile waste nol)
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From page 197... ...
a waste disposal firm for such services, it is important Generators are legally responsible for all aspects of to know how to select, monitor, and work with such hazardous waste management, including proper dis firms. posal, packaging, labeling, shipping, manifest prepa Waste disposal firms differ in the types of service ration, recordkeeping, accumulation area operations they provide.
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From page 198... ...
how waste is prepared for shipment to a transfer, treat- Again, the liability remains with the generator, and so the ment, or disposal facility. Laboratory waste is often choice of such a waste disposal firm is critical.
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From page 199... ...
is legally responsible for its ac- Records are needed both to meet regulatory requirecuracy and completeness. Generators are also respon- ments and to help monitor the success of the hazardsible for keeping a copy of the manifest, as well as the ous waste management program.
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200 PRUDENT PRACTICES IN THE LABORATORY Example of Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest. FIGURE 8.2 Figure 8.2.eps bitmap
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Training of laboratory personnel to recogfor preventing or reducing pollution in the Pollution nize opportunities for source reduction, reviewing Prevention Act of 1990. This initiative can serve as a research proposals to ensure adoption of available guide for developing prudent practices for managing source reduction strategies, improving compliance multihazardous wastes.
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From page 202... ...
Mixed wastes are defined by EPA as "wastes that conThis knowledge can help identify source reduction and tain a chemical hazardous waste component regulated treatment possibilities to reduce the risk of the waste. under Subtitle C of RCRA and a radioactive component An assessment that determines that a waste constitu- consisting of source, special nuclear, or byproduct maent does not present a significant risk may provide an terial regulated under the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 opportunity for regulatory flexibility.
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From page 203... ...
Establish procedures that will burial at a LLRW site, incineration, and sanitary sewer prevent commingling radioactive waste with noncondisposal. Disposal options for mixed waste are usually taminated materials and trash.
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Many of the same considerations apply to containing 1 to 5% methanol and acetic acid, can treatment of mixed waste. usually be neutralized, diluted, and disposed of Nevertheless, there are still justifiable and legal in the sanitary sewer.
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mixed waste have no commercial repository. No com- Special procedures are required in disposing of mercial mixed-waste disposal facilities exist for waste multihazardous waste that includes both hazardous contaminated with most toxic metals (such as mercury)
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From page 206... ...
chemical–biological waste.) 8.C.2.4 Disposal of Chemically Contaminated 8.C.2.2 Sewer Disposal of Chemical–Biological Medical Waste and Sharps Liquids Laboratories that work with human blood must ad Laboratories that manipulate infectious agents, here to OSHA's Standard for Occupational Exposure blood, or body fluids may generate waste that is con- to Bloodborne Pathogens (29 CFR § 1910.1030)
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From page 207... ...
Alkaline digestion of 8.C.3 Radioactive–Biological Waste animal carcasses containing 3H, 14C, and formalde The management of radioactive–biological labora- hyde, followed by neutralization, results in an aquetory waste can be difficult because of limited on- and ous radioactive stream that can usually be disposed of off-site disposal options. Basic principles for the man- in the sanitary sewer.
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radioactive–biological waste can be managed as radio Reduction or elimination of one of the waste hazards active waste. through waste management methods is often an effi Infectious waste and sharps containers that contain cient first step.
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As described above in section 8.B.5, there are many However, because the products of the reaction are ofgood reasons to perform in-laboratory-scale hazard ten disposed of in the sanitary sewer, it is important to reduction procedures. The pros and cons of many other ensure that hazardous waste such as toxic metal ions waste management methods are discussed earlier in is not a part of the effluent.
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In addition, if the Halides and acid halides of Periodates nonmetals procedure suggests disposal of the product into the Hypochlorites Permanganates sanitary sewer, this strategy must comply with local Inorganic cyanides Persulfates regulations. Inorganic ions Water-reactive metal halides
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