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5 Management of Chemicals
Pages 83-104

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From page 83...
... 5 Management of Chemicals 5.A INTRODUCTION 84 5.B GREEN CHEMISTRY FOR EVERY LABORATORY 84 5.B.1 Prevent Waste 84 5.B.2 Microscale Work and Wet Chemistry Elimination 84 5.B.2.1 Design Less Hazardous Laboratory Processes and Reaction Conditions 85 5.B.3 Use Safer Solvents and Other Materials 85 5.B.4 Design Experimental Products for Degradation After Use 86 5.B.5 Include Real-Time Controls to Prevent Pollution 86 5.B.6 Minimize the Potential for Accidents 87 5.B.7 Green Chemistry Principles Avoid Multihazardous Waste Generation 87 5.B.8 Mercury Replacements in the Laboratory 87 5.B.8.1 Thermometers 88 5.B.8.2 Digital Thermometers 88 5.B.8.3 Differential Manometers 88 5.C ACQUISITION OF CHEMICALS 88 5.C.1 Ordering Chemicals 88 5.C.2 Receiving Chemicals 89 5.D INVENTORY AND TRACKING OF CHEMICALS 90 5.D.1 General Considerations 90 5.D.2 Exchange of Chemicals Between Laboratories and Stockrooms 92 5.D.3 Recycling of Chemicals and Laboratory Materials 93 5.D.3.1 General Considerations 93 5.D.3.2 Solvent Recycling 93 5.D.3.3 Recycling Containers, Packaging, and Labware 93 5.D.4 Labeling Commercially Packaged Chemicals 94 5.D.5 Labeling Other Chemical Containers 94 5.D.6 Labeling Experimental Materials 94 5.D.7 Use of Inventory and Tracking Systems in Emergency Planning 94 5.E STORAGE OF CHEMICALS IN STOCKROOMS AND LABORATORIES 94 5.E.1 General Considerations 95 5.E.2 Storage According to Compatibility 96 5.E.3 Containers and Equipment 97 5.E.4 Cold Storage 98 5.E.5 Storing Flammable and Combustible Liquids 98 5.E.6 Storing Gas Cylinders 100 5.E.7 Storing Highly Reactive Substances 100 5.E.8 Storing Highly Toxic Substances 101 5.F TRANSFER, TRANSPORT, AND SHIPMENT OF CHEMICALS 101 5.F.1 Materials of Trade Exemption 102 5.F.2 Transfer, Transport, and Shipment of Nanomaterials 102 5.F.2.1 Off-Site Transport and Shipments of Nanomaterials 103 5.F.2.2 On-Site Transfer and Transport of Nanomaterials 104 83
From page 84...
... • improving yields; • recycling and reusing materials when possible; 5.B GREEN CHEMISTRY FOR • coordinating work with co-workers who may be EVERY LABORATORY using some of the same chemicals (section 5.D.2) ; • considering the amount of reagents, solvents, and Green chemistry is the philosophy of designing hazardous materials used by automated laboraproducts and processes that reduce or eliminate the tory equipment when purchasing a new system; use and generation of hazardous substances, which fits • isolating nonhazardous waste from hazardous well with the overall goals of a culture of safety.
From page 85...
... reagent or solvent in an experimental procedure: • Can this material be replaced by one that will 5.B.2.1 Design Less Hazardous Laboratory expose the experimenter, and others who handle Processes and Reaction Conditions it, to less potential hazard? The third principle of green chemistry suggests that, • Can this material be replaced by one that will where possible, syntheses should be designed using reduce or eliminate the hazardous waste and the less toxic reagents.
From page 86...
... , reproductive toxins, or hazardous air dered is one to which trained laboratory personnel are pollutants. Choose solvents with relatively high not exposed, for which appropriate storage need not American Conference of Governmental Industrial be found, which need not be tracked in an inventory Hygienists threshold limit values.
From page 87...
... For chemical– be needed. In most cases, it is safer, and may be biological waste, the primary strategy for minimizing less costly, to allow commercial providers to break the multihazardous waste is to maintain segregation bulk rather than "doing it yourself." of chemical and biological waste streams as much as • If unused hazardous material must be disposed possible.
From page 88...
... . the mercury replacement process are various applica In addition to thermometers that are filled with tions in the laboratories, required temperature range, mercury-alternative liquids, long-stem digital therthermometer length, immersion depth, scale divisions, mometers are available with probes that are resistant cost, accuracy in relation to application, and durability to most laboratory chemicals, including acids, bases, upon exposure to corrosive solutions.
From page 89...
... Some institutions include a supplier is needed, the supplier should be con- in their annual contracts with suppliers a requirement tacted and repackaging requested. Compressed to report on a monthly, a quarterly, or an annual basis gas cylinders, including lecture bottles, should the quantity of each type of chemical purchased and the normally be purchased from suppliers who accept location to which it was delivered.
From page 90...
... . Prudent management of chemicals in any laboratory Your firm or institution should decide if stockroom is greatly facilitated by keeping an accurate inventory or laboratory personnel are responsible for unpacking of the chemicals stored.
From page 91...
... LCSSs, which are targeted to the fication of chemicals despite the use of different needs of typical trained laboratory personnel, are a use naming conventions; ful supplement to the information provided by MSDSs. • source; and Having a fully capable chemical tracking system de • size of container or original quantity of chemical.
From page 92...
... laboratories and do not donate entire chemical The need for high fidelity of data is greater for a track- inventories to schools or small businesses. ing system, because trained laboratory personnel will rely on it to save time locating chemicals rather than Chemical inventory challenges have not changed physically searching.
From page 93...
... For chemicals who accept return of unopened chemicals, example, chromatography effluents such as toluene including highly reactive chemicals. Gas suppliers could be collected from research laboratories, distilled, sometimes accept returns of partially used cylinders.
From page 94...
... labels should be understandable to trained laboratory personnel and members of well-trained emergency 5.E STORAGE OF CHEMICALS IN response teams. Labels or tags should be resistant to STOCKROOMS AND LABORATORIES fading from age, chemical exposure, temperature, humidity, and sunlight.
From page 95...
... . explosives, dual-use materials, and hazardous waste In addition to the basic storage area guidelines have requirements ranging from locked storage cabi- above, follow these general guidelines when storing nets and controlled access to specified waste containers chemicals: and regulated areas.
From page 96...
... or, ide ally, stored in its own storage cabinet. According to 5.E.2 Storage According to Compatibility this system, it is most important to separate storage It is prudent to store containers of incompatible groups B (compatible pyrophoric and water-reactive chemicals separately.
From page 97...
... separate these alternative storage groups. Also be sure • Provide vented cabinets beneath chemical hoods to follow any storage information on the container's for storing hazardous materials.
From page 98...
... Dispose of all unlabeled, unknown, flammable and combustible liquids away from strong or unwanted materials. oxidizing agents, such as nitric or chromic acid, per • When any trained laboratory personnel leaves, manganates, chlorates, perchlorates, and peroxides.
From page 99...
... Container Size for Storage of Flammable and Combustible Liquids TABLE 5.3 Flammable Liquidsa Combustible Liquidsb Class IA Class IB Class IC Class II Class IIIA Container L gal L gal L gal L gal L gal Glassc,d 0.5 0.12 1 0.25 4 1 4 1 20 5 Metal/approved plasticd 4 1 20 5 20 5 20 5 20 5 Safety cansd 10 2.6 20 5 20 5 20 5 20 5 NOTE: Label safety cans with contents and hazard warning information. Safety cans containing flammable or combustible liquid waste must have appropriate waste labels.
From page 100...
... Check applicable international, regional, or local • Store liquid organic peroxides at the lowest posbuilding and fire codes to determine the maximum sible temperature consistent with the solubility amount of highly reactive chemicals that can be stored or freezing point. Liquid peroxides are particuin a laboratory.
From page 101...
... priate labeling and an MSDS, according to OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard amendments and OSHA's Laboratory Standard hazard identification 5.E.8 Storing Highly Toxic Substances provision, including the name, address, and contact Take the following precautions when storing carcino- information of the sender and recipient for samples gens, reproductive toxins, and chemicals with a high in transit. When available, the following information degree of acute toxicity: should accompany experimental materials: • Store chemicals known to be highly toxic in venti- • Originator: List the name of the owner or indi lated storage in unbreakable, chemically resistant vidual who first obtained the material.
From page 102...
... In many cases, han- ing must be marked with a common name or a proper dling regulated materials in this manner is prohibited shipping name from the Hazardous Materials Table. by DOT or will require shipping papers, placarding, Other requirements are and/or other conditions.
From page 103...
... Therefore, all shipments of nanomateri Documentation and notifications for off-site transfer als, regardless of whether they meet the definition for of nanomaterials should include the following: hazardous materials, should be consistently packaged using the equivalent of a DOT-certified packing group • a signed and complete dangerous goods declaraI (PG I) container and labeled as described in section tion or shipping papers prepared in accordance 5.F.2.1, below.
From page 104...
... For o an MSDS, if available, or a similar form denanomaterials, the following is suggested: tailing possible hazards associated with the material. • A ssess and record the hazards posed by the • N otify the receiving facility of the incoming material(s)


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