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From page 399...
... Index A Altruism, 310-311, 338-339 Alveolata Abalone, 257, 258, 259, 261 cellular structures, 66, 68, 69-73 Achatinellinae tree snails, 141 convergent evolution with euglenozoa, Acyrthosiphon pisum (harris) , 10, 13-17 65-84 Adaptation, Fisher-orr geometric model, endosymbiosis, 77 52-53 gene expression, 66, 73-76 Adaptive protein evolution, 150, 153, photosynthetic, 67-68 159-163 plastids, 77-78 Adaptive radiations rnA editing and processing, 66, 73-76, Aquilegia, 2-3, 23, 30-44 81, 83 classic examples, 28 and stramenopiles, 68 convergent evolution in, 30 subgroups and characteristics, 66-67 defining features, 28 tree structure, 67 evolutionary trends, 29-30, 31-34 American Museum of natural history, 294 genetic dissection of adaptive traits, 27, Anisogamy theory, 231-232 28, 29, 30, 42-44 Anthocyanidin reductase, 35, 36, 41 phenotype-environment correlations, 28 Anthocyanidin synthase, 34, 35, 37, 39, 40, research interests and trends, 28-29 41, 42, 43 research needs, 27-28, 44-45 Anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, 27, 32 trait directionality, 30, 31-34 33, 34, 35-36, 37-38, 39, 40-41, 42, 43 trait utility, 28 Anthocyanin GsT, 35, 41 African sleeping sickness, 66 Antibiotic-resistance enzyme, 158 Alfalfa, 13-17 Antirrhinum, 42 Allendorf, Fred W., 86-87, 129-147 AN2 gene, 36-37, 42 Allopatric speciation, 6, 9-10, 20, 22, 23, Apicomplexans, 66, 67, 77, 80-81 24-25, 107 Apicoporus, 70, 71 Altman, sidney, 277 Apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella)
From page 400...
... , flower color evolution, 2-3, 32-37, 183 39-44 Bateman gradients, 184, 185, 186, 187-188, gene index, 27, 39, 40, 41, 43 192, 193, 197, 201 genetic analyses, 2-3, 27-28, 32-37, 39-42, Beadle, George, 114, 116 44-45 Bees, 31, 32, 34, 311, 334 genome sequencing, 44 Bentham, Jeremy, 338 orientation of flowers, 31-32, 34, 44 Bernard, Claude, 274-275, 279 petal spur length, 30, 31, 34, 44 Bernhardi, Friedrich von, 296 phylogeny, 33 Bezoar (Capra aegagrus) , 96-97, 102-103 pollinators, 31-34, 44 Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis)
From page 401...
... , 102-103 earliest human association, 98, 105 Complexity, 308-309, 325 genetic analysis, 101, 104-106 Condition-dependent indicator (good genetic diversity, 105-106 genes) model, 178-179, 180, 217 oldest evidence, 105 Condition-independent indicator model, preadaptive features, 102-103 179, 180 selection mechanism, 85-86, 89, 99, 101, Conte, Gina l., 3, 47-64 108 Convergent evolution, 30, 3, 65, 66, 68-73, selective breeding, 108-109 82, 83 sympatric divergence and Copernican revolution, 281, 299 mitochondrial origins, 89, 92, Copernicus, nicolaus, xv-xvi, 299, 329 106-108 Copper tolerance gene, 51 Catholic Church, 292, 296 Courtship behavior, 243-244, 253-255 Cattle, 85, 93, 94, 96-97, 102-103, 108 cox1 gene, 79, 80 Cavalli-sforza, luigi, 326 cox3 gene, 79, 80 CDPK3 gene, 50 Creationists, 264, 265, 290, 296, 314, 344, Cech, Thomas, 277 345, 346-347 Central dogma of molecular biology, 277 Crops, 94-95, 106, 116.
From page 402...
... 40 / Index artificial selection, xvi, 85, 90, 91-92, 99, feeding apparatuses, 72 108, 293, 308, 321, 322, 334 flagellum, 71 on common ancestry, 264, 312-328 gene expression and transcription, 73, early life, 330-332 74-76 on hMs Beagle, iv, xv, xvi, 263, 268-269, mitochondrion, 78-82 279-280, 281, 282, 331 nuclear genome characteristics, 73-76 inductivism and, 267, 268, 269-271, 272 parasitic, 66 mate choice, 169, 173-174 pellicle, 72-73 mating system analyses, 166, 191, 192, photoreceptors, 72 194-195 photosynthesis, 66-67, 73 moral purpose of evolution, 264-265, plastids and protein targeting system, 295-296, 297, 298, 310-312, 329, 330, 67, 77-78 332-340 polycistronic mrnA processing, 74-76, natural selection theory, xvi, 1-2, 28, 48, 81, 82 214, 308, 271, 275-276, 280-284, 293, predatory, 66, 69, 77 296, 312-328, 334-340 rnA editing and genome breakdown, Paley's influence, xvi, 281 78-82, 83 postcopulatory sexual selection, spliced leaders (miniexons) , 73-74, 82 omission of, 166, 244-245 trichocysts, 70, 71 scientific methodology and thought Diplonema, 67 processes, 263-264, 267-271, 272, 282- Diplonemids, 66, 67, 80, 81 283, 318, 323-328 Direct-benefits models, 176-177, 180 sexual selection, xi, 163, 165, 169, 170- Directed protein evolution 171, 172, 173-174, 182-183, 189, 192, antibiotic-resistance enzyme, 158 193, 214 choosing next-generation parents, on species-variety boundary, 307-308 153-154 Transmutation notebooks, 263, 268, 281, cytochrome P450 enzyme, 151, 154-155, 282, 291, 329, 330, 332 156, 158, 160 unnatural selection in wildlife, 86-87, empirical lessons from, 87, 149, 155-160 130-131, 132 experimental design, 151-154 Darwin's finches, 2, 28, 280 fitness landscapes, 156-157, 159 Darwinian debt, 134, 147 generalizability to natural evolution, Darwinian revolution 160-163 conceptual nature of change, 264, 287, identifying improved mutants, 153, 158, 299-304 163 metaphysical context, 264, 287, 290, lactamase enzyme, 158 295-299 lactonase enzyme, 160 and scientific revolutions generally, 287, mutagenizing parent genes, 152-153 288-289 neutral mutations, 87, 149, 151, 153, 156, scientific context, 264, 287, 289-295 157, 158, 159-160, 161, 162-163 Dawkins, richard, 351 neutral network view, 157 Delphinidins, 32, 35, 38 Pauling-Zuckerkandl hemoglobin Dennett, Daniel, 265, 289, 329, 343-354 experiment, 150, 151, 161 Derieg, nathan J., 2-3, 27-45 phosphotriesterase enzyme, 160 Diderot, Denis, 292 population bottlenecks, 153 Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, 34, 35, 36, 37, promiscuous functions, 87, 149, 159-160, 38, 41, 42 162 Dinoflagellates single mutations, 149, 156-157, 159-160 cellular organization, 69-73 stability-mediated epistasis, 87, 149, ecological role, 67 157-159, 162 euglenid congergent evolution, 66, 67, standing genetic variation, 153 68, 69-73, 77, 80 thermostable chorismate mutase, 158
From page 403...
... pseudoobscura, 215 under mutation, 49 mating differentials, 186, 187, 214-215, and postzygotic isolation, 49, 51-53 231, 249-250 potential vs. realized gene flow, 10-12 reproductive isolation, 24, 51 reproductive isolation, 9, 11, 12, 19-22, Sod gene, 123 28, 29, 49, 58 resource-based, 10, 11, 16, 19, 25 E size of genomic hitchhiking regions, 17-19 eberhard, William G., 166-167, 243-261 in sympatry, 5, 13, 24-25, 89, 92, 106-108 ecological factors DnA shuffling, 152-153 in intensity of sexual selection, 185-187, Dobzhansky, Theodosius, xiii, xiv, 6, 48 197, 204, 208, 209 Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities, 6-7, in mate choice, 9, 10-11, 25, 50, 166, 216 22-23, 24, 25, 53-54, 295 in mating, 185-187 Doebley, John, 114 ecological speciation.
From page 404...
... See also euglenozoa 257-260 exploitation of wild animals. See harvest egyptian new Kingdom, 105 of wild populations; Unnatural einkorn wheat, 94 selection elephant seals, 176 eye evolution, 325-326 emmer wheat, 94 endosymbiosis, 66, 73, 77, 345, 348 F epiplasmins, 72 error-prone PCr, 152 Fecundity, 13, 15-16, 134, 137, 173, 174, 175, Euglena, 70, 71 184, 185, 186, 193, 201, 203, 204, 217, euglenids, convergent evolution with 218, 220, 232, 245 dinoflagellates, 66, 67, 68, 69-73, 77, Female-female combat, 172, 215 80 Ferrets, 101, 102-103 euglenophytes, 3, 47, 71, 77, 78 Fertile Crescent, domestication in, 86, 93euglenozoa 98, 106, 107-108 cellular structures, 66, 68, 69-73 Fisher, ronald A., 292, 316, 326 convergent evolution, 65-84 Fisher-orr geometric model, 52-53 endosymbiosis, 66, 77 Fisher's runaway hypothesis, 202 gene expression, 66, 73-76 Fisherian model, 177-178, 180 and heteroloboseans, 68 Fishing/fisheries mitochondrion, 78-82 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)
From page 405...
... approach, 2, 5, orientation of flowers, 31-32, 34, 44 6-7, 17, 22, 23-24, 26 outcrossing, 195-196, 210 Genetic compatibility model, 179, 180 petal spur length, 30, 31, 34, 44 Genetic drift, 20, 59, 318 pollinator preferences, 29, 30 in adaptive protein evolution, 150, 153, self-incompatibility, 195, 196 159, 160, 163 selfing, 195-196, 210, 260 divergence by, 2, 10, 22-23, 24, 25, 160 sexual selection, 191, 192, 195-197, 209- gene flow and, 10 212, 243, 260-261 genomic effects, 10 Fodor, Jerry, 346 human activities and, 100 Ford, e. B., 295 mate-choice evolution, 179 Forest elephant (Loxodonta Africana)
From page 406...
... See also huxley, Thomas henry, 288-289, 290, 292, Fishing/Fisheries; hunting; 293, 294, 296, 298, 301, 302, 303, 341 Unnatural selection hybrids/hybridization and intensity of sexual selection, 136, Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities, 143 53-54 management challenges, 132, 141, 145-146 fecundity, 16 and mate choice, 142-144 fitness, 51, 52 recovery from, 146-147 genetic dissection of traits, 29, 30 specimen collection, 141 Mimulus flower color studies, 29 sustainable, 131, 132, 134, 146 selection against, 13, 14, 16, 19, 260-261 haw fly, 54 sterility genes, 18, 22 hawaiian silversword, 28 vigor, 51 hawkmoths, 31-32, 34 hypotheses Helianthus paradoxus, 50 consistency with commonly accepted Heliconius butterflies, 50-51 hypotheses and theories, 277-278 hemoglobin, 150, 312, 318 explanatory value, 276-277 hempel, C G., 274, 299 falsifiability, 178-179, 283-284, 326 hennig, Will, 326 imagination and corroboration, 274-276 herschel, John F
From page 407...
... , 102-103 invasive species, 132 indirect-benefits models, 177-179, 217, 218 Ipomoea, 37 individual selection, 310 isi Web of science, 29 induction and empiricism, 263, 264, 267, 268, 269-271, 272-273, 275, 276, 283, 293 J intelligent design, 296, 308, 325, 346, 354 intensity of sexual selection Jacob, François, 272, 275, 276 Bateman gradients, 184, 185, 186, 187- Jefferson, Thomas, 331 188, 192, 193, 197, 201 Jevons, William stanley, 274 crowding of sexual receptivity, 191, Joint Genome institute, 44 208-209 Jones, Adam G., 165, 169-190 Darwin's perspective, 163, 182-183, 192 Judson, olivia, 265-266 ecological factors, 185-187, 197, 204, 208, Jungle cat (Felis chaus) , 102-103 209 environmental potential for polygamy, K 185, 186, 197, 204, 208, 209 harvesting of wild populations and, Keeling, Patrick, 3, 65-84 136, 143 Kekulé, Friedrich, 275 lineage differences in color and Kin selection, 311 morphology and, 171, 182-183 Kinetoplast DnA, 78, 80 mate searching algorithms and, 186 Kinetoplastids, 66, 67, 73-76, 77, 78, 79, 80, mating differentials, 184, 185-187 81-82 multiple mating rates, 187, 194, 215 Kitlg gene, 56-57, 59 nuptial gifts and, 187 Kuhn, Thomas, 288, 299, 301, 302, 303 parental investment theory, 185, 187, 192, 198, 201-202, 203-204, 215-216, 218, 232, 243 L research advances, 169, 183-184, 189 research needs, 188-189, 190 lactamase enzyme, 158 secondary sexual characteristics, 182 lactonase enzyme, 160 selection coefficients, 184-187 lake Malawi, 28 sex difference in opportunity for lake victoria, 28, 54 selection, 191, 202-204, 208 lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis)
From page 408...
... domestication genetic compatibility model, 179, chromosome morphology and number, 180 114 harvesting of wildlife and, 142-144 data analysis, 126-127 indirect-benefits models, 177-179, 217, evolutionary process, 86, 116-119 218 flowering time, 119 latency in mating, 166, 213, 215, 216, genome diversity of teosinte, 111, 219, 220, 225, 226, 227, 229, 234, 235, 115-116 236, 237-238, 240-241 genome sequencing, 124 ornaments and fancy traits, 173, 175, hapMap, 124 177-178, 179, 180, 181, 186, 189, 214, kernel oil content, 119 217-218, 232-233 landrace collections, 124 parental investment theory and, 232 large-effect vs. small-effect loci, 112, plant mating systems, 197-198 116-119 progress in research, 169, 174, 180, morphology, 86, 112-113, 116, 117-118 189 origins, 86, 112-115, 117, 118-119 reproductive compensation hypothesis, plant materials and DnA sequencing, 217 125-126 research needs, 181, 190 QTl analysis, 116-117, 118, 119 sensory exploitation model, 179, 180 research needs, 111, 123-125 sex ratios, 198, 213, 225-226 selective sweep on chromosome 10, 86, sex role behavior and, 214-218, 231-232, 111, 119-123, 125-127 233 starch biosynthesis, 118-119 sexual conflict model, 179-180 Teosinte hypothesis, 114-115, 116 survival probability, 166, 178, 213, 214, tomato domestication compared, 116 215, 216, 219, 225, 226, 228, 234, 236, Tripartite hypothesis, 113-114, 116 240, 241 yellow color, 123 switch point theorem, 166, 218, 219-241 Male-male combat, 140, 166, 172, 173, 184, time available for mating and, 166, 213, 212, 214, 246, 247-250 219, 227, 230 Malthus, Thomas robert, 293, 332 Mate searching algorithms, 186 Mangelsdorf, Paul, 113, 114 Mating Marbled polecat (Vormela peregusna)
From page 409...
... J., 6 Mating system analyses Multidimensional scaling analysis, 60, 62 animal, 166, 191, 192-193, 197-200 Museum d'histoire naturelle, 298 common ground for plant and animal Mutations systems, 209-212 beneficial, 52, 149, 151, 153-154, 156, covariance methods, 201-202 157, 158-160, 161, 162 crowding of sexual receptivity, 191, color variation in flowers, 37-38 208-209 deleterious, 52, 76, 117, 151, 153, 156, Darwin's contribution, 166, 191, 192, 157, 158, 161, 162, 312 194-195 divergent selection under, 49 mass matings, 210 duplications, 30, 39, 76, 83 molecular markers, 165, 189 gain of function, 36 plant, 166, 191, 192, 195-197 global suppressor, 158 quantitative methodology, 191, 192, loss-of-function, 29, 35-37, 38 201-212 neutral, 87, 149, 151, 153, 156, 157, 158, research needs, 188 159-160, 161, 162-163, 252, 312, 318, sex difference in opportunity for 324 selection, 191, 202-204, 208 parallel selection, 53 spatial and temporal distribution of pleiotropic, 52 matings, 192, 204-208 selective sweeps, 14, 15, 24, 117 Mayr, ernst, 6, 48, 251-252 speciation by, 47, 49, 52, 53, 63-64 Maximum likelihood methods, 30 stability-mediated epistasis, 87, 149, Memes, 351 157-159, 162 Mendel, Gregor, 34, 273, 274 substitutions, 22, 30, 81, 150-151, 154, Menidia menidia, 147 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 285 Mesolithic, animal domestication, 89 transpositions, 30 Mice, 51, 96-97, 102-103, 106, 176, 217, 227 Myoglobin, 150 Migration/migrants, 13, 15-17, 19, 49-50 Myzocytosis, 77 Mill, James, 338 Mill, John stuart, 263, 268, 272 N Milton, John, 340-341 Mimulus nagel, Thomas, 346 M aurantiacus, 37 narwhals, 172 M
From page 410...
... , Phacus, 70 98-99, 102-103 Phosphotriesterase enzyme, 160 nuclear genome characteristics, 73-76 Photoreceptors, 72 nuptial gifts, 187 Photosynthesis, 67-68, 73 Phylogeny Aquilegia, 33 O disciplines contributing to, 284 minimum-evolution principle for o'Brien, stephen J., 85-86, 89-109 inferring, 326 Odysseus (Ody) gene, 18 tree thinking, 328 offspring viability, 166, 178, 184, 217, 218, Pig (Sus domesticus)
From page 411...
... , 102 flowering plants, 243, 260-261 103, 139 free-spawning species contrasted, 258 reeves, robert, 113, 114 genital evolution, 243, 248-249, 250-253 reproductive compensation hypothesis, 217 male contact organs, 243, 253, 254 reproductive isolation. See also ecological parasperm, 256-257 speciation and parental investments, 184, 243 assortative mating, 50-51, 89 research needs, 189 behavioral, 89 seminal products, 243, 257 divergent selection to alternate sensory traps, 248-249 environments, 9, 11, 12, 19-22, 28, 29, sexually antagonistic coevolution, 248- 49, 58 250, 252-253, 254, 255, 257, 258-259, Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities, 260, 261 6-7, 22, 23, 24, 25, 53-54, 295 sperm competition, 166, 194, 198, 243, Fisher-orr geometric model of 244, 245, 247, 255, 256, 257, 258 adaptation, 52-53 sperm morphology, 255-257 genetics of, 49-53 Proanthocyanidins, 36 immigrant inviability, 15-16, 49-50 Productivity, 131, 134, 136, 142, 145, 146, intrinsic, 51, 52, 53, 63 217, 218, 220, 232, 334 mutation-order speciation, 63-64 Prokaryotes, nuclear gene expression, 74 parallel speciation, 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 60, Prorocentrum, 70, 71 63, 64 Protein evolution.
From page 412...
... , 182, 204 248 sebright, John, 291 plants, 191, 192, 195-197, 209-212, secondary sexual characteristics, 182 260-261 sebright, James, 291 pleitropism theory, 251-252 selective breeding, 108-109. See also polygamous, 100, 183, 185, 186, 197, 204, Domestication 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 215 Selenidium, 67 precopulatory, 171, 185, 189 self-incompatibility, 195, 196 quantitative approaches, 193-194 selfing, 195-196, 210, 260 research needs, 190 self-splicing introns, 77 sex roles, 193, 198, 203, 214, 215-217, sensory exploitation model, 179, 180 218, 230, 231, 255 sensory traps, 248-249 species isolation hypothesis, 251-252, sex differences 258-259, 260, 261 in fitness, 214-218 sexually antagonistic coevolution, 248-250, in opportunity for selection, 191, 202- 252-253, 254, 255, 257, 258-259, 260, 204, 208 261 sex ratios, 142-143, 186, 188, 194, 197-201, sheep (Ovis aries)
From page 413...
... gene, 116stramenopiles, 68 117, 122, 123, 125, 127 sunflower, 50 Terrestrial slugs, 210 "survival of the fittest," 308 Tetrapody, 326-327 survival probability, 166, 178, 213, 214, 215, Thermostable chorismate mutase, 158 216, 219, 225, 226, 228, 234, 236, 240, Threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus 241 aculeatus) switch point theorem assortative mating, 58 alternative to anisogamy theory, 231-232 body size, 55, 58 alternative to parental investment defensive body armor, 55, 56-57, 58-59, theory, 232 62-63 changing more than one parameter at a ecological speciation, 47, 49, 51, 55-63 time, 227, 229 freshwater-marine hybridization, 3 derivation, 222-224, 234-241
From page 414...
... v., 336 Wright's island model, 10 UDP flavonoid glucosyltransferse, 34, 35 Uniform or balancing selection, 9, 20, 25, 48 University of Cambridge, xvi, 279, 281, 298, Y 299, 331 Unnatural selection in harvested wildlife yeast, 51 artificial selection compared, 86, 87, 130, young, robert M., 290 135 young earth creationists, 296 Darwin's legacy, 86-87, 130-131, 132 younger Dryas, 95 defined, 131-132 and dispersal/migration, 131, 143 fishing, 86, 129, 130-131, 134-137, Z 142-143 Zeboid cattle (Bos indicus, Bos primigenius genetic effects on populations, 129, 130, namadicus) , 97-98 133, 138-141 Zuckerkandl, emile, 150, 151, 161 history of, 132-141


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