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From page 171... ... See also Biofuels; load management technologies, 84 Cellulosic ethanol; Coal-and-biomass-to-liquid Australia, 20 fuels; Coal-to-liquid fuels; Corn ethanol; Light duty vehicles barriers to deployment, 93-94 biochemical conversion, 67, 90-91, 93 B carbon capture and storage, 4, 5, 64, 65, 66, 72, 73, 78, 94 carbon price, 38 n.1, 93 Battery technologies CO2 emissions, 4, 62, 71-73 costs, 85 coal liquefaction, 91 deployment timeframe, 116 compressed natural gas, 94 for LDVs, 4, 5, 6, 76, 85 conversion technologies, 90-92; see also performance capabilities, 85 Biochemical; Thermochemical R&D opportunities, 6, 30, 76, 79, 85 costs, 66-67, 92-93 for T&D system storage, 6, 51, 61, 78 deployment scenarios, 93-94 Behavior. See Consumer behavior dimethyl ether, 94 Biobutanol, 89 findings, 3-4, 62-67, 73 Biochemical conversion of fuel hydrogen, 4, 5, 6, 30, 44, 45, 67, 73, 74, 75, 84, cellulosic ethanol, 67, 90-91, 93 85, 94 corn ethanol, 90, 91 infrastructure for distribution, 90, 93 costs, 90, 92-93 7 Read the entire page →
From page 172... ... See also Appliances; Commercial; and-biomass-to-liquid fuels; Corn ethanol Residential advanced, 66 advanced technologies, 83-84 algal biodiesel, 75, 89 barriers to improving energy efficiency, 77 biobutanol, 89 capital investment needs, 83 from CO2 feedstocks, 74-75 combined heat and power production, 83 consumption, 21, 37 conservation supply curves, 40, 82, 83 hydrocarbon fuels from biomass, 3-4 consumption of energy, 2, 14, 83 potential of, 66, 73 cooling and heating systems, 14, 41, 47, 83 R&D, 74-75 cost-effectiveness of improvements, 41 Biomass cost of conserved energy, 45-46, 47, 48-49 carbon issues, 72 drivers for improving, 84 co-fed coal, see Coal-and-biomass-to-liquid fuel electricity consumption, 41, 42, 47 consumption, 17, 18 energy codes, 38-39 n.1, 40, 50, 88 cost of energy from, 58 energy efficiency, 2, 38-39 n.1, 40-41, 42, 47-49, on CRP lands, 89 87-88 electricity generation, see Biopower findings, 2, 47-49 food/feed crop displacement, 89 integrated (whole-building) approaches, 84 greenhouse gas emissions, 69, 72 lighting, 47, 50, 83, 84 incentives for growers, 89-90 natural gas consumption, 14, 15, 17, 24, 37, 41, industrial use, 17 48-49 non-electricity applications, 32 payback period for technologies, 82 supply, 32, 37, 66, 77, 89-90 petroleum consumption, 17, 24 sustainable production, 89 potential energy savings, 47-49, 50, 83 Biomass-to-liquid fuels. Read the entire page →
From page 173... ... See also Cap and trade; co-fed biomass and, 91 Carbon price consumption, 14, 17, 18, 21, 22, 36 Carbon dioxide emissions. See also Carbon capture costs, 16, 52, 57, 58 and storage; Geologic storage of CO2; electricity generation, 3, 13, 14, 16, 17, 23, 24, 36, Greenhouse gas emissions; individual energy 49, 51, 53, 57, 58, 68, 69, 71, 74 sources and sectors environmental impacts, 16, 52, 92 alternative transportation fuels, 62, 64, 66 findings, 3 annual U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 174... ... energy system, 11-25 94 panel reports, 31 conversion technologies, 3-4, 74, 91-92 strategy of the committee, 30-33 costs, 67, 91, 92-93 technology role, 27-30 demonstrations, 66 timeframes, 30 deployment, 93-94 Cooling systems, 14, 41, 47, 83. See also Heating and environmental impacts, 4, 92 cooling systems feedstock requirements, 66, 92 Corn ethanol greenhouse gas emissions, 4, 66, 71-72, 91-92 CO2 emissions, 72 petroleum replacement potential, 4, 65, 66 consumption, 17 production capacity, 5, 91, 92 costs, 67 siting of plants, 92 plant build rates, 90-91, 127 supply, 32, 37, 63-64, 65 production capacity, 90-91, 129 Coal-to-liquid fuels social and environmental concerns, 63, 89 carbon capture and storage, 64, 65, 72, 73, 94 sustainability, 89 costs, 66, 67, 92-93 Cost-effectiveness of energy-efficiency technologies, 2, greenhouse gas emissions, 64, 72 40-41, 49, 82 supply, 37, 63-64, 65 Costs. Read the entire page →
From page 175... ... See also combined-heat and power plants, 51 specific technologies and energy sources competitiveness of technologies, 51, 59 accelerated, 6, 35, 37-38, 39, 76-79 consumption of liquid fuels, 37 barriers to, 60, 76-79, 87-88, 93-94 costs, 55-60, 105-107 consumer resistance to, 35, 50 fossil fuel, 51, 58, 104-107 coupling energy-supply and supporting fuel costs, 57, 58-59 technologies, 78 integrated gasification and combined cycle (IGCC) "crash" effort, 35 plants, 70, 74, 104, 106, 121, 124, 126, 128 economic effects on end-users, 35, 50 intermittent, 57, 58-59 industrial capacity and personnel for, 77-78 natural gas, 3, 13, 14, 15, 16, 23, 24, 36, 51, 55, options, 38-39 57-58, 59, 68-69, 105-106 parallel tracks, 30, 57 NGCC plants, 23, 57-59, 69, 70, 105-106, 126, portfolio approach, 68 128 readiness for, 38, 39 new plants, 42, 45, 105 siting concerns, 57, 60 oxyfuel plants, 70, 74, 104 supply factors, 77-78 petroleum, 51 timeframes for, 35 portfolio approach, 4-5, 51, 107-108 turnover rate of infrastructure and, 77 renewable sources, 13, 51, 52, 57, 58, 59 Diesel fuel retail price of electricity, 47-48, 49, 56, 100 biodiesel, 37, 62 n.17, 75, 89 siting of facilities, 57, 60 supply, 37 supply from new technologies or technology mixes, Dimethyl ether, 94 49, 51-60 water use, 60 wholesale power markets, 56-57, 59 Electricity sector E barriers to improvement, 77 demand side technologies, 45, 60 Eastern Wind Integration and Transmission Study/ energy efficiency improvements, 40-41 Joint Coordinated System Planning Study, 100 greenhouse gas emissions, 4, 5, 16, 24, 68-69, 70, Economic growth, 25 73 Economic recession, xii, 15, 77, 95 Read the entire page →
From page 176... ... See also Appliances; economic benefits, 115 Buildings; Industrial; Light-duty vehicles; electrified vehicle fleet and, 4 Lighting; Transportation environmental benefits, 116 advanced, 83-84 FACTS technology, 116 availability, 82 findings, 3, 60-61 barriers to deployment, 6, 76-77, 78, 87-88 grid visualization, 117 baseline/reference cases, 83 integrating intermittent/renewable resources capital investment needs, 83 integrated in, xiii, 3, 27, 34, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, combined heat and power production, 44, 51, 86, 98-99, 116, 118 87, 88 investment barriers, 78 conservation supply curves, 40, 82, 83 market accommodations, 61 consumer behavior, 49, 50, 79 problems, 13, 78 cost of conserved energy, 45-46, 47, 48-49 regional ownership and regulation, 78 cost-effectiveness, 2, 40-41, 49, 82 regulatory and legislative barriers, 78 and demand for electricity, 32, 44-45 reliability measures, 61 drivers of, 84, 88 security, 115 findings, 1-2, 3, 4, 40-49, 50 sensing and measurements, 116-117 informational and education needs, 87-88 smart meters, 9 n.1, 45, 60, 118 infrastructure considerations, 86, 88 storage, 6, 51, 61, 78 integrated approaches, 84, 85 technologies, 116-117 natural gas savings, 43, 45 n.8, 48-49 transmission system, 60, 61 panel report, 31, 81 Electronics. See Appliances and electronics potential savings in energy, 1-2, 25, 40-49, 50, 62, Endangered Species Act, 40 82, 83, 84, 88 Energy conservation, xiii, 33, 40 n.3, 61 price of energy and, 47-48, 82, 83, 84, 88 Energy consumption. Read the entire page →
From page 177... ... See individual sources Energy Policy Act of 2005, 27, 109 n.14, 113 Energy savings energy efficiency improvements, 1-2, 25, 40-49, 50, 62, 82, 83, 84, 88 F methods and assumptions, 130-131 public policies and, 88 Federal Renewable Electricity Production Tax Credit, Energy security, 1, 10, 12-13, 25-26, 55, 89, 92, 103 95, 99, 101 Energy sources. See also Primary; Useful Feedstocks. Read the entire page →
From page 178... ... See also Carbon dioxide; biomass use, 17 Methane; specific sectors, technologies, and cement, 44, 86, 87 energy sources chemical manufacturing, 86 defined, 11 n.3 coal use, 14, 17, 24 and global warming, xi, 11 n.3, 29, 40 combined heat and power, 44, 86, 87 management, 29; see also Carbon capture consumption of energy, 14, 15, 17, 22, 36-37, 44 portfolio approach to reducing, 68-73 crosscutting technologies, 87 timeframe for reducing, 68, 71, 73 fabrication processes and materials, 87 transportation sector, 4, 5, 16, 73, 84 iron and steel, 43-44, 86, 87 U.S. trends, 19 natural gas use, 14, 15, 17, 24, 37 on-demand manufacturing, 86 petroleum refining, 86, 87 petroleum use, 17, 24 H policy and regulatory issues, 38-39 n.1 potential for energy savings, 2, 43-44, 82, 86-87 Heating and cooling systems pulp and paper, 43-44, 86, 87 biomass, 32 reference case, 44, 86 cogeneration, 44, 51, 86, 87, 88 remanufacturing of used products, 87 Home electronics. Read the entire page →
From page 179... ... See also individual statutes transportation fuels; Biofuels; Cellulosic ethanol; and development of new energy supplies, 40 Coal-and-biomass-to-liquid fuels; Coal-to-liquid energy, 27 fuels; Diesel; Gasoline; Petroleum environmental, 26-27, 40 piecemeal approach, 26 Light-duty vehicles. See also Alternative liquid fuels battery-electric, 4, 45, 74, 78, 84, 85 Read the entire page →
From page 180... ... plants, 23, 57-59, 69, 70, operating license extensions, 53-55, 110, 112 105-106, 126, 128 potential for deployment, 3, 13, 70-71, 112-113 competitiveness, 105-106 power uprates, 52-53, 110 compressed, 94 proliferation risk, 111 consumption, 17, 18, 21, 22, 37 public concerns, 113-114 costs, 48-49 refueling outages, 110 economic importance, 15 regulatory and legislative issues, 113 electricity generation, 3, 13, 14, 15, 16, 23, 24, 36, safety and security, 115 51, 55, 57-58, 59, 68-69, 105-106 supply of electricity, 3, 14, 49, 51, 52-55, 114 energy efficiency savings, 43, 45 n.8, 48-49 technologies, 110-112; see also Nuclear reactors feedstock for fuel, 94 Nuclear fuel cycle. See also Uranium findings, 3 alternative, 111, 113 industrial use, 14, 15, 17, 24, 37 breeding, 111 import dependence (potential) Read the entire page →
From page 181... ... See also Legislation; interim storage, 115 Regulations and standards; individual statutes Yucca Mountain high-level-waste storage, 115 barriers to adoption of technologies, 6, 76-77, 78 carbon controls, 78, 38 n.1 costs of, 45 n.8 energy efficiency, 82, 86, 88 energy savings estimates, 88 O ENERGY STAR® program, 88 incentives and grants, 6, 38 n.1 Obama administration, 27, 41 n.4, 45 n.7, 62, 85 n.7 RD&D, 88 Oil. See also Gasoline; Petroleum state/utility, 88 access issue, 12 tax credits, 38 n.1, 51, 95, 99, 101 CO2 enhanced oil recovery, 91 Population demand, 15 growth, 11-12, 25, 83 liquid fuel consumption, 62-65 Potential energy sources political importance, 14-15 defined, 13 prices, xii, 15, 67 Power grid. Read the entire page →
From page 182... ... advanced materials, 76 S alternative liquid fuels, 74-75 basic research, 75-76 Secondary energy source. See Electricity generation battery technologies, 6, 30, 76, 79, 85 Sensor development, 87 biofuels, 74-75, 90 Separation processes and technologies biosciences, 74 industry energy efficiency measures, 87, 111 CCS demonstrations, 5, 6, 39, 51-52, 65, 66, 68, PUREX, 111 70, 73, 74, 91, 92, 107, 108-109 Silicon, 96 cellulosic ethanol demonstrations, 6, 64, 74, 90 Smart meters, 9 n.1, 45, 60, 118 climate-related, 75 Solar power, general CO2 recycling, 75 consumption, by sector, 17 coal technologies, 6, 64, 74 costs, 57, 58, 96 energy efficiency, 6, 74, 85 growth, 95 Read the entire page →
From page 183... ... Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 113, 114 n.18 carbon capture and storage, 74, 91-92 Useful energy sources, defined, 12 coal-to-liquid fuel, 91, 92 co-fed biomass and coal, 3-4, 91-92 cost analysis, 91 Fischer-Tropsch process, 67, 72, 93 w greenhouse gas emissions, 91-92 methanol-to-gasoline process, 67, 72, 93 Windows, 84 RD&D, 74 Wind power supply of fuel from, 92 20% penetration scenarios, 13, 95, 98-99, 100 Transportation sector. See also Air transportation; capacity, 98-99 Alternative transportation fuels; Freight consumption, by sector, 17 transportation; Passenger transportation costs, 57, 58, 96, 99, 100, 101, 121, 126 energy efficiency, 2, 3, 4, 38-39 n.1, 40, 41, 43, 44- deployment challenges, 60, 99, 101 46, 62, 82, 84-86, 88 Read the entire page →
From page 184... ... 8 Index electricity generation capacity, 17, 27, 36, 51, 57, offshore, 36, 58, 100, 126 95, 128 onshore, 36, 57, 58, 99, 100, 126 environmental impacts, 101 potential, 96, 99 financing, 95 public policies, 95, 99, 101 and greenhouse gas emissions, 69 resource base, 96, 128 integration in power grid, 3, 34, 57, 60, 81, 96, 99, siting, 60, 101 100, 101 storage and load management, 75, 99 manufacturing, materials, and labor requirements, technology description, 96 98 turbines, 95, 96, 100 Read the entire page →

From page 171...

... See also Biofuels; load management technologies, 84 Cellulosic ethanol; Coal-and-biomass-to-liquid Australia, 20 fuels; Coal-to-liquid fuels; Corn ethanol; Light duty vehicles barriers to deployment, 93-94 biochemical conversion, 67, 90-91, 93 B carbon capture and storage, 4, 5, 64, 65, 66, 72, 73, 78, 94 carbon price, 38 n.1, 93 Battery technologies CO2 emissions, 4, 62, 71-73 costs, 85 coal liquefaction, 91 deployment timeframe, 116 compressed natural gas, 94 for LDVs, 4, 5, 6, 76, 85 conversion technologies, 90-92; see also performance capabilities, 85 Biochemical; Thermochemical R&D opportunities, 6, 30, 76, 79, 85 costs, 66-67, 92-93 for T&D system storage, 6, 51, 61, 78 deployment scenarios, 93-94 Behavior. See Consumer behavior dimethyl ether, 94 Biobutanol, 89 findings, 3-4, 62-67, 73 Biochemical conversion of fuel hydrogen, 4, 5, 6, 30, 44, 45, 67, 73, 74, 75, 84, cellulosic ethanol, 67, 90-91, 93 85, 94 corn ethanol, 90, 91 infrastructure for distribution, 90, 93 costs, 90, 92-93 7

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From page 172...

... See also Appliances; Commercial; and-biomass-to-liquid fuels; Corn ethanol Residential advanced, 66 advanced technologies, 83-84 algal biodiesel, 75, 89 barriers to improving energy efficiency, 77 biobutanol, 89 capital investment needs, 83 from CO2 feedstocks, 74-75 combined heat and power production, 83 consumption, 21, 37 conservation supply curves, 40, 82, 83 hydrocarbon fuels from biomass, 3-4 consumption of energy, 2, 14, 83 potential of, 66, 73 cooling and heating systems, 14, 41, 47, 83 R&D, 74-75 cost-effectiveness of improvements, 41 Biomass cost of conserved energy, 45-46, 47, 48-49 carbon issues, 72 drivers for improving, 84 co-fed coal, see Coal-and-biomass-to-liquid fuel electricity consumption, 41, 42, 47 consumption, 17, 18 energy codes, 38-39 n.1, 40, 50, 88 cost of energy from, 58 energy efficiency, 2, 38-39 n.1, 40-41, 42, 47-49, on CRP lands, 89 87-88 electricity generation, see Biopower findings, 2, 47-49 food/feed crop displacement, 89 integrated (whole-building) approaches, 84 greenhouse gas emissions, 69, 72 lighting, 47, 50, 83, 84 incentives for growers, 89-90 natural gas consumption, 14, 15, 17, 24, 37, 41, industrial use, 17 48-49 non-electricity applications, 32 payback period for technologies, 82 supply, 32, 37, 66, 77, 89-90 petroleum consumption, 17, 24 sustainable production, 89 potential energy savings, 47-49, 50, 83 Biomass-to-liquid fuels.

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From page 173...

... See also Cap and trade; co-fed biomass and, 91 Carbon price consumption, 14, 17, 18, 21, 22, 36 Carbon dioxide emissions. See also Carbon capture costs, 16, 52, 57, 58 and storage; Geologic storage of CO2; electricity generation, 3, 13, 14, 16, 17, 23, 24, 36, Greenhouse gas emissions; individual energy 49, 51, 53, 57, 58, 68, 69, 71, 74 sources and sectors environmental impacts, 16, 52, 92 alternative transportation fuels, 62, 64, 66 findings, 3 annual U.S.

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From page 174...

... energy system, 11-25 94 panel reports, 31 conversion technologies, 3-4, 74, 91-92 strategy of the committee, 30-33 costs, 67, 91, 92-93 technology role, 27-30 demonstrations, 66 timeframes, 30 deployment, 93-94 Cooling systems, 14, 41, 47, 83. See also Heating and environmental impacts, 4, 92 cooling systems feedstock requirements, 66, 92 Corn ethanol greenhouse gas emissions, 4, 66, 71-72, 91-92 CO2 emissions, 72 petroleum replacement potential, 4, 65, 66 consumption, 17 production capacity, 5, 91, 92 costs, 67 siting of plants, 92 plant build rates, 90-91, 127 supply, 32, 37, 63-64, 65 production capacity, 90-91, 129 Coal-to-liquid fuels social and environmental concerns, 63, 89 carbon capture and storage, 64, 65, 72, 73, 94 sustainability, 89 costs, 66, 67, 92-93 Cost-effectiveness of energy-efficiency technologies, 2, greenhouse gas emissions, 64, 72 40-41, 49, 82 supply, 37, 63-64, 65 Costs.

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From page 175...

... See also combined-heat and power plants, 51 specific technologies and energy sources competitiveness of technologies, 51, 59 accelerated, 6, 35, 37-38, 39, 76-79 consumption of liquid fuels, 37 barriers to, 60, 76-79, 87-88, 93-94 costs, 55-60, 105-107 consumer resistance to, 35, 50 fossil fuel, 51, 58, 104-107 coupling energy-supply and supporting fuel costs, 57, 58-59 technologies, 78 integrated gasification and combined cycle (IGCC) "crash" effort, 35 plants, 70, 74, 104, 106, 121, 124, 126, 128 economic effects on end-users, 35, 50 intermittent, 57, 58-59 industrial capacity and personnel for, 77-78 natural gas, 3, 13, 14, 15, 16, 23, 24, 36, 51, 55, options, 38-39 57-58, 59, 68-69, 105-106 parallel tracks, 30, 57 NGCC plants, 23, 57-59, 69, 70, 105-106, 126, portfolio approach, 68 128 readiness for, 38, 39 new plants, 42, 45, 105 siting concerns, 57, 60 oxyfuel plants, 70, 74, 104 supply factors, 77-78 petroleum, 51 timeframes for, 35 portfolio approach, 4-5, 51, 107-108 turnover rate of infrastructure and, 77 renewable sources, 13, 51, 52, 57, 58, 59 Diesel fuel retail price of electricity, 47-48, 49, 56, 100 biodiesel, 37, 62 n.17, 75, 89 siting of facilities, 57, 60 supply, 37 supply from new technologies or technology mixes, Dimethyl ether, 94 49, 51-60 water use, 60 wholesale power markets, 56-57, 59 Electricity sector E barriers to improvement, 77 demand side technologies, 45, 60 Eastern Wind Integration and Transmission Study/ energy efficiency improvements, 40-41 Joint Coordinated System Planning Study, 100 greenhouse gas emissions, 4, 5, 16, 24, 68-69, 70, Economic growth, 25 73 Economic recession, xii, 15, 77, 95

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From page 176...

... See also Appliances; economic benefits, 115 Buildings; Industrial; Light-duty vehicles; electrified vehicle fleet and, 4 Lighting; Transportation environmental benefits, 116 advanced, 83-84 FACTS technology, 116 availability, 82 findings, 3, 60-61 barriers to deployment, 6, 76-77, 78, 87-88 grid visualization, 117 baseline/reference cases, 83 integrating intermittent/renewable resources capital investment needs, 83 integrated in, xiii, 3, 27, 34, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, combined heat and power production, 44, 51, 86, 98-99, 116, 118 87, 88 investment barriers, 78 conservation supply curves, 40, 82, 83 market accommodations, 61 consumer behavior, 49, 50, 79 problems, 13, 78 cost of conserved energy, 45-46, 47, 48-49 regional ownership and regulation, 78 cost-effectiveness, 2, 40-41, 49, 82 regulatory and legislative barriers, 78 and demand for electricity, 32, 44-45 reliability measures, 61 drivers of, 84, 88 security, 115 findings, 1-2, 3, 4, 40-49, 50 sensing and measurements, 116-117 informational and education needs, 87-88 smart meters, 9 n.1, 45, 60, 118 infrastructure considerations, 86, 88 storage, 6, 51, 61, 78 integrated approaches, 84, 85 technologies, 116-117 natural gas savings, 43, 45 n.8, 48-49 transmission system, 60, 61 panel report, 31, 81 Electronics. See Appliances and electronics potential savings in energy, 1-2, 25, 40-49, 50, 62, Endangered Species Act, 40 82, 83, 84, 88 Energy conservation, xiii, 33, 40 n.3, 61 price of energy and, 47-48, 82, 83, 84, 88 Energy consumption.

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From page 177...

... See individual sources Energy Policy Act of 2005, 27, 109 n.14, 113 Energy savings energy efficiency improvements, 1-2, 25, 40-49, 50, 62, 82, 83, 84, 88 F methods and assumptions, 130-131 public policies and, 88 Federal Renewable Electricity Production Tax Credit, Energy security, 1, 10, 12-13, 25-26, 55, 89, 92, 103 95, 99, 101 Energy sources. See also Primary; Useful Feedstocks.

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From page 178...

... See also Carbon dioxide; biomass use, 17 Methane; specific sectors, technologies, and cement, 44, 86, 87 energy sources chemical manufacturing, 86 defined, 11 n.3 coal use, 14, 17, 24 and global warming, xi, 11 n.3, 29, 40 combined heat and power, 44, 86, 87 management, 29; see also Carbon capture consumption of energy, 14, 15, 17, 22, 36-37, 44 portfolio approach to reducing, 68-73 crosscutting technologies, 87 timeframe for reducing, 68, 71, 73 fabrication processes and materials, 87 transportation sector, 4, 5, 16, 73, 84 iron and steel, 43-44, 86, 87 U.S. trends, 19 natural gas use, 14, 15, 17, 24, 37 on-demand manufacturing, 86 petroleum refining, 86, 87 petroleum use, 17, 24 H policy and regulatory issues, 38-39 n.1 potential for energy savings, 2, 43-44, 82, 86-87 Heating and cooling systems pulp and paper, 43-44, 86, 87 biomass, 32 reference case, 44, 86 cogeneration, 44, 51, 86, 87, 88 remanufacturing of used products, 87 Home electronics.

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From page 179...

... See also individual statutes transportation fuels; Biofuels; Cellulosic ethanol; and development of new energy supplies, 40 Coal-and-biomass-to-liquid fuels; Coal-to-liquid energy, 27 fuels; Diesel; Gasoline; Petroleum environmental, 26-27, 40 piecemeal approach, 26 Light-duty vehicles. See also Alternative liquid fuels battery-electric, 4, 45, 74, 78, 84, 85

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From page 180...

... plants, 23, 57-59, 69, 70, operating license extensions, 53-55, 110, 112 105-106, 126, 128 potential for deployment, 3, 13, 70-71, 112-113 competitiveness, 105-106 power uprates, 52-53, 110 compressed, 94 proliferation risk, 111 consumption, 17, 18, 21, 22, 37 public concerns, 113-114 costs, 48-49 refueling outages, 110 economic importance, 15 regulatory and legislative issues, 113 electricity generation, 3, 13, 14, 15, 16, 23, 24, 36, safety and security, 115 51, 55, 57-58, 59, 68-69, 105-106 supply of electricity, 3, 14, 49, 51, 52-55, 114 energy efficiency savings, 43, 45 n.8, 48-49 technologies, 110-112; see also Nuclear reactors feedstock for fuel, 94 Nuclear fuel cycle. See also Uranium findings, 3 alternative, 111, 113 industrial use, 14, 15, 17, 24, 37 breeding, 111 import dependence (potential)

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From page 181...

... See also Legislation; interim storage, 115 Regulations and standards; individual statutes Yucca Mountain high-level-waste storage, 115 barriers to adoption of technologies, 6, 76-77, 78 carbon controls, 78, 38 n.1 costs of, 45 n.8 energy efficiency, 82, 86, 88 energy savings estimates, 88 O ENERGY STAR® program, 88 incentives and grants, 6, 38 n.1 Obama administration, 27, 41 n.4, 45 n.7, 62, 85 n.7 RD&D, 88 Oil. See also Gasoline; Petroleum state/utility, 88 access issue, 12 tax credits, 38 n.1, 51, 95, 99, 101 CO2 enhanced oil recovery, 91 Population demand, 15 growth, 11-12, 25, 83 liquid fuel consumption, 62-65 Potential energy sources political importance, 14-15 defined, 13 prices, xii, 15, 67 Power grid.

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From page 182...

... advanced materials, 76 S alternative liquid fuels, 74-75 basic research, 75-76 Secondary energy source. See Electricity generation battery technologies, 6, 30, 76, 79, 85 Sensor development, 87 biofuels, 74-75, 90 Separation processes and technologies biosciences, 74 industry energy efficiency measures, 87, 111 CCS demonstrations, 5, 6, 39, 51-52, 65, 66, 68, PUREX, 111 70, 73, 74, 91, 92, 107, 108-109 Silicon, 96 cellulosic ethanol demonstrations, 6, 64, 74, 90 Smart meters, 9 n.1, 45, 60, 118 climate-related, 75 Solar power, general CO2 recycling, 75 consumption, by sector, 17 coal technologies, 6, 64, 74 costs, 57, 58, 96 energy efficiency, 6, 74, 85 growth, 95

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From page 183...

... Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 113, 114 n.18 carbon capture and storage, 74, 91-92 Useful energy sources, defined, 12 coal-to-liquid fuel, 91, 92 co-fed biomass and coal, 3-4, 91-92 cost analysis, 91 Fischer-Tropsch process, 67, 72, 93 w greenhouse gas emissions, 91-92 methanol-to-gasoline process, 67, 72, 93 Windows, 84 RD&D, 74 Wind power supply of fuel from, 92 20% penetration scenarios, 13, 95, 98-99, 100 Transportation sector. See also Air transportation; capacity, 98-99 Alternative transportation fuels; Freight consumption, by sector, 17 transportation; Passenger transportation costs, 57, 58, 96, 99, 100, 101, 121, 126 energy efficiency, 2, 3, 4, 38-39 n.1, 40, 41, 43, 44- deployment challenges, 60, 99, 101 46, 62, 82, 84-86, 88

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From page 184...

... 8 Index electricity generation capacity, 17, 27, 36, 51, 57, offshore, 36, 58, 100, 126 95, 128 onshore, 36, 57, 58, 99, 100, 126 environmental impacts, 101 potential, 96, 99 financing, 95 public policies, 95, 99, 101 and greenhouse gas emissions, 69 resource base, 96, 128 integration in power grid, 3, 34, 57, 60, 81, 96, 99, siting, 60, 101 100, 101 storage and load management, 75, 99 manufacturing, materials, and labor requirements, technology description, 96 98 turbines, 95, 96, 100

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Index Pages 171-184

Index
Pages 171-184