Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants Volume 3 (2009) / Chapter Skim
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5 Hydrogen Sulfide
5 Hydrogen Sulfide
Pages 110-138
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From page 110... ...
The committee considered all that information in its evaluation of the U.S. Navy's 1-h, 24-h, and 90-day exposure guidance levels for hydrogen sulfide.
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. People exposed at low concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur gases often report head
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Eye irritation is the most common complaint associated with single or repeated hydrogen sulfide exposure. There is agreement in the literature that effects on the eye predominate at concentrations above 50 ppm (Beauchamp et al.
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Some people exposed at about 1,000 ppm develop vagal-mediated apnea and hydrogen sulfide-induced central respiratory arrest (Almeida and Guidotti 1999) , and increased blood sulfide concentrations are occasionally detected after exposure at high concentrations.
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Exercise increased the exposure to hydrogen sulfide by raising the respiratory rate, thereby approximating the exposure situation of an exercising worker. In the first series of experiments, 16 healthy male volunteers undertook increasing increments of bicycle exercise while inhaling hydrogen sulfide at 0 (control)
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From page 115... ...
The exercising volunteers were protected from exposure to their noses and eyes, so they could not smell the gas and were not subject to eye irritation, both sensitive outcomes of hydrogen sulfide exposure. In addition, the volunteers were not previously exposed to hydrogen sulfide at the concentrations used in the experiments.
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From page 116... ...
Increased concentrations of hydrogen sulfide resulted in increased ratings of odor intensity, irritation, and unpleasantness. Total symptom severity, including eye irritation, was not significantly increased in any exposure condition, but anxiety symptoms were significantly greater in people exposed to hydrogen sulfide at 5 ppm than in people exposed at 0.05 ppm.
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Bronchial responsiveness, FVC, and FEV1 were measured at the end of a work day that followed at least 1 day off from work. No significant changes in respiratory function or bronchial responsiveness were observed after hydrogen sulfide exposure compared with control values.
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Typical hydrogen sulfide concentrations at the facility when it was operating without eye complaints were 9-18 ppm. Barthelemy concluded that maintaining hydrogen sulfide concentrations below 20 ppm (even in the presence of carbon disulfide at about 30 ppm)
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1995 hydrogen sulfide or carbon disulfide daily, at least 1 year Occupational: unspecified number 9-30 (work-area Concentrations below 20 ppm deemed not to be a problem; Barthelemy 1939 of rayon-industry workers exposed samples over period substantial ocular effects at 30 ppm: intense photophobia, lid to hydrogen sulfide and carbon of 6 years) spasm, excessive tearing, intense congestion, pain, blurred disulfide vision, sluggish pupil reaction Abbreviations: LOAEL, lowest observed-adverse-effect level; NOAEL, no-adverse-adverse-effect level.
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That lesion is not seen after subchronic hydrogen sulfide exposure, and this finding suggests that the regenerated respiratory epithelium becomes resistant to further injury. No pulmonary lesions were observed even at the highest concentration tested.
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Hydrogen sulfide exposure produced statistically significant changes in the water-maze test (NOAEL, 200 ppm; LOAEL, 400 ppm) and motor activity (NOAEL, 30 ppm; LOAEL, 80 ppm)
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to hydrogen sulfide at 0 or 8.5 ppm for 17 days. Pigs were subjected to a complete gross examination at necropsy and histologic examination of tissues from the respiratory tract, eyes, and viscera.
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However, the exposed rats' ability to find all the reinforcements before the end of each trial period in the 11 weeks was impaired, and this suggested an effect on performance rate. When the learning task was changed by reversing the locations of reinforcement, hydrogen sulfide exposure had a detrimental effect on the rats' ability to learn the new complex task; they required more arm entries than the controls to locate the reinforcements.
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Humans with severe halitosis may have oral cavity hydrogen sulfide concentrations that exceed 10 ng/mL (0.7 ppm; Tsai et al.
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Specifically, they exposed groups of six male CD rats to hydrogen sulfide at 0, 10, 30, 80, 200, or 400 ppm for 3 h and examined hindbrain, lung, liver, and nasal cytochrome oxidase activity and sulfide concentrations immediately after exposure. Lung sulfide and sulfide-metabolite concentrations were also analyzed at 0, 1.5, 3, 3.25, 3.5, 4, 5, and 7 h after the start of exposure to hydrogen sulfide at 400 ppm.
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From page 126... ...
Time-averaged nasal extraction depended on the concentration of inspired hydrogen sulfide and the rate of airflow through the nasal cavity and ranged from 32% for a 10-ppm exposure at 75 mL/min to 7% for a 200-ppm exposure at 300 mL/min. Hydrogen sulfide is a contact irritant and causes inflammatory and irritant effects on the moist membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract (Beauchamp et al.
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Although nasal cytochrome oxidase is a sensitive marker of hydrogen sulfide exposure, there is an incomplete correlation between hydrogen sulfide-induced nasal lesions and cytochrome oxidase inhibition (Dorman et al.
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INHALATION EXPOSURE LEVELS FROM THE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS A number of organizations have established or proposed acceptable exposure limits or guidelines for inhaled hydrogen sulfide. Table 5-4 summarizes selected values.
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Abbreviations: ACGIH, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; AEGL, acute exposure guideline level; ATSDR, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; CEGL, continuous exposure guidance level; EEGL, emergency exposure guidance level; MRL, minimal risk level; NAC, National Advisory Committee; NIOSH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; NRC, National Research Council; OSHA, Occupational Safety and Health Administration; PEL, permissible exposure limit; REL, recommended exposure limit; SEAL, submarine escape action level; STEL, shortterm exposure limit; TLV, Threshold Limit Value; TWA, time-weighted average.
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Values (ppm) EEGL 1-h 10 10 24-h 3 2.8 CEGL 90-day 1 0.8 Abbreviations: CEGL, continuous exposure guidance level; EEGL, emergency exposure guidance level.
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Bronchial responsiveness, FVC, and FEV1 were measured after at least 1 day off work and at the end of a workday. No significant changes in respiratory function or bronchial responsiveness were observed after hydrogen sulfide exposure compared with the control values.
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model was used to compare regions of high predicted hydrogen sulfide flux in rat nasal passages with the distribution of hydrogen sulfide-induced olfactory lesions in a subchronic inhalation study of Brenneman et al.
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1996a. Effects of 5 ppm hydrogen sulfide inhalation on biochemical properties of skeletal muscle in exercising men and women.
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2002. Cytochrome oxidase inhibition induced by acute hydrogen sulfide inhala tion: Correlations with tissue sulfide concentrations in the rat brain, liver, lung and nasal epithelium.
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Presentation at the First Meeting on Emergency and Continuous Ex posure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants, June 17, 2008, Washington, DC. Hannah, R.S., and S.H.
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Pp. 55-68 in Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Vol.
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2006. Incorporation of tissue reaction kinetics in a computational fluid dynamics model for nasal extraction of inhaled hydrogen sulfide in rats.
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1989. Prolongation of the P 300 latency associated with hydrogen sulfide exposure.
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