Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants Volume 3 (2009) / Chapter Skim
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6 Propylene Glycol Dinitrate
6 Propylene Glycol Dinitrate
Pages 139-159
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From page 139... ...
. Pure PGDN is unstable and has properties that are similar to those of ethylene glycol dinitrate, which is flammable, explosive, and shock-sensitive (ACGIH 1991)
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From page 140... ...
Monkeys exposed to PGDN at 70-100 ppm for 6 h exhibited signs of acute toxicity, including semiconsciousness and clonic convulsions, but no deaths. Rats exposed to a PGDN mist at 1,350 mg/m3 for 4 h exhibited no overt signs of
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From page 141... ...
. In humans exposed to PGDN, vasodilation results mainly in mild to severe frontal headaches; dizziness, loss of balance, nasal congestion, eye irritation, palpitations, and chest pain have also been reported (Stewart et al.
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From page 142... ...
. Sudden deaths due to circulatory failure have been associated with chronic exposure to nitrated esters, such as nitroglycerin and ethylene glycol dinitrate, an analogue of PGDN, in workers in the explosives industry (NRC 2002)
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From page 143... ...
By 7.3 h, all three volunteers reported severe headaches. Three members of the research staff exposed at that concentration for 1.25 h developed mild headaches.
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From page 144... ...
was affected by exposure, and the change occurred only in the four subjects exposed at 1.5 ppm while they were experiencing severe headaches. Occupational and Epidemiologic Studies Sudden deaths due to circulatory failure have been reported in workers exposed chronically to nitrated esters, such as nitroglycerin and ethylene glycol dinitrate, an analogue of PGDN (Carmichael and Lieben 1963)
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From page 145... ...
Cardiac morbidity included myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and cardiac arrhythmia, and these were used to calculate relative risk and age-adjusted incidences. There were higher incidences of hospitali
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From page 146... ...
When incidences of myocardial infarction and angina pectoris were combined, the relative risk was significant compared with the unexposed torpedomen group and the unexposed fire-control-technician group. Cardiovascular deaths occurred in the unexposed groups but not in the group potentially exposed to PGDN.
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From page 147... ...
The authors suggested that the study confirmed the reported effects of PGDN on human motor performance. Two male rhesus monkeys trained in free operant avoidance tests were exposed to PGDN at 2-33 ppm and observed for successful completion of the avoidance test and VER (Mattsson et al.
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From page 148... ...
Female rats, but not male rats, exposed at 35 ppm showed focal necrosis of the liver and acute renal tubular necrosis. Methemoglobin concentrations of two rats exposed at 35 ppm increased to 9.9 and 12.8% on day 14 but decreased with continued exposure (on day 42 methemoglobin concentrations were 2.3 and 7.3 %)
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From page 149... ...
There were no changes in avoidance behavior in the monkeys as determined by the visual tests, and body weight was unaffected by the PGDN exposure. Pairs of rhesus monkeys were exposed to ambient air or PGDN vapors 23 h/day for 125 days at concentrations that were increased incrementally from 0.3 to 4.2 ppm (Mattsson et al.
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From page 150... ...
and two of the 85 exposed at 36 ppm (2.4%) , and an osteoma was reported in one of the 61 female rats exposed at 0.2 ppm (1.6%)
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From page 151... ...
At 3 h, the primary metabolites were propylene glycol 2-mononitrate and inorganic nitrate; small amounts of unmetabolized PGDN, propylene glycol 1-mononitrate, and inorganic nitrite were present. The time courses of in vivo and in vitro metabolism of PGDN were similar.
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From page 152... ...
The most commonly encountered symptom of human exposure to PGDN is headache due to dilation of cerebral blood vessels. Nitrate and nitrite esters are vasodilators and result in rapid lowering of systolic and, to a smaller extent, diastolic blood pressure with compensatory tachycardia.
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From page 153... ...
. Although no deaths or cardiac problems have been reported after exposures to PGDN, workers in the explosives industry have reportedly had cardiovascular events after repeated occupational exposures and depression of systolic and diastolic blood pressure after acute exposures (Carmichael and Lieben 1963)
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From page 154... ...
Three of six volunteers or research staff members who were exposed to PGDN at 0.5 ppm for 11.25 h developed mild headache but had no other adverse effects. At 1.5 ppm, eight subjects reported mild eye irritation within 40 min of exposure, which resolved on cessation of exposure.
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From page 155... ...
TABLE 6-3 Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Propylene Glycol Dinitrate Current U.S. Navy Committee Recommended Exposure Level Values (ppm)
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From page 156... ...
No comparable data on human exposures are available for analysis. However, as discussed above, humans exposed to PGDN at 0.1 ppm reported mild headaches and at 0.2 ppm severe headaches (Stewart et al.
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From page 157... ...
, the dog was the most sensitive for development of red-blood-cell effects due to PGDN exposure. A 90-day CEGL based on hematologic effects in dogs is probably conservative in that in vitro studies indicate that human red blood cells are less sensitive to PGDN than those of the other species tested; however, comparable subchronic-exposure data on humans are not available.
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From page 158... ...
1987. Cardiac morbidity and mortality associated with occupational exposure to 1,2 propylene glycol dinitrate.
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From page 159... ...
1974. Experimental human exposure to propylene glycol dinitrate.
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