School Meals Building Blocks for Healthy Children (2010) / Chapter Skim
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2 Foundation for Revising Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements
2 Foundation for Revising Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements
Pages 33-46
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From page 33... ...
THE APPROACH The committee's approach to developing recommendations for revisions to the Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements for the School Breakfast Program and the National School Lunch Program included numerous steps. The committee 1.
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From page 34... ...
d. For children in families characterized by limited resources and food insecurity, school meals provide a critical safety net in meeting their nutritional needs and reducing the adverse effects of food insecurity.
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From page 35... ...
6. Determined that only one approach to meal planning would be recommended and that the Nutrient Targets would be the scientific basis of the standards for menu planning, but they would be only one of the elements considered when developing these standards.
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From page 36... ...
NUTRIENT TARGETS -- Goals for School Meals -- MEAL REQUIREMENTS Standards for Menu Standards for Meals as Planning Selected by the Student FIGURE 2-1 Depiction of the recommended elements in the path to nutritious school meals. In this figure and throughout the remainder of the report, the committee uses the term as selected by the student (or simply as selected)
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From page 37... ...
NOTES: DGA = Dietary Guidelines for Americans; DRI = Dietary Reference Intakes. Figure 2-2
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From page 38... ...
Using the DRI framework to develop Nutrient Targets and Meal Requirements for school meals poses a number of challenges. The major challenges include the following: • Any age-grade grouping of schoolchildren is very heterogeneous in terms of the calorie and nutrient needs of the members of the group (consider, for example, small sedentary adolescent females and large adolescent male athletes)
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From page 39... ...
However, some menu planning approaches include a breakfast option for grades 7 through 12 that allows somewhat more food for these older children. Current Meal Requirements for the National School Lunch Program are set for an array of grade groupings,1 which differ by the type of menu planning approach used (USDA/ FNS, 2007b)
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From page 40... ...
reports that nearly all the new middle schools served children in grades 6 through 8. Comparison of Dietary Reference Intake Age Groups with Grade Organizations The DRI age groups are based on biological evidence about children's development (IOM, 1997)
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From page 41... ...
Estimated Energy Requirements To set Nutrient Targets for school meals it is essential to determine appropriate estimates of average daily energy requirements by age-grade group -- values that are applied to both the males and females in the group. Of necessity, these values will be too high for some children (mainly the youngest elementary schoolchildren and the adolescent females)
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From page 42... ...
The analysis of the NHANES accelerometer data provided estimates of the average number of minutes per day that Americans spend engaged in moderate and vigorous intensity physical activities. Table 2-2 presents the 2A detailed description of the NHANES physical activity monitor procedures may be found at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes2003-2004/exam03_04.htm.
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From page 43... ...
SOURCES: aTroiano et al., 2008; bIOM, 2002/2005. TABLE 2-3 Physical Activity Level Category Classifications Used to Calculate Estimated Energy Requirements of School-Aged Children, by Age and Gender Ages (years)
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From page 44... ...
The assumption of the low-active PAL resulted in Estimated Energy Requirements for the females in the two older age-grade groups that are about 20 percent higher than would be calculated using a sedentary physical activity level. When the Estimated Energy Requirements for the males and females are averaged, however, the result is only about 8 percent higher.
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From page 45... ...
Data-based methods were used to provide a basis for two key decisions that were critical to the development of recommended Nutrient Targets and Meal Requirements: the setting of age-grade groups for school meals and the calculation of appropriate values for mean total daily calorie requirements for males and females in those age groups. The age-grade groups chosen were 5–10 years (kindergarten through grade 5)
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