School Meals Building Blocks for Healthy Children (2010) / Chapter Skim
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4 Process for Developing the Nutrient Targets
4 Process for Developing the Nutrient Targets
Pages 69-90
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From page 69... ...
PRELIMINARY CALORIE TARGETS FOR MEALS Method Used to Set Calorie Targets for Breakfast and Lunch for the Three Age-Grade Groups As described in Chapter 2, the committee set mean daily calorie levels for each of the three age-grade groups (combining means for males and females) and then rounded these values to have them correspond with My
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From page 70... ...
Having both a minimum and a maximum value helps ensure adequate calories while giving school food operators some flexibility when planning menus. The means of the values used for the minimum and maximum calories (21.5 percent for breakfast and 32 percent for lunch)
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From page 71... ...
In the latter age group, the committee chose to round up to the nearest 50 to accommodate the caloric needs of high school males. Results and Discussion Tables 4-2 and 4-3 show the values used to set the preliminary target minimum and maximum calorie values for school breakfast and school lunch, respectively, and the rounded target calorie values.
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From page 72... ...
Reasons for Limiting Intakes of Fats and Cholesterol Limiting the intakes of saturated fat, cholesterol, and trans fat helps support healthful blood lipids. Avoiding excessive total fat intake helps control saturated fat intake and helps avoid the intake of excessive calories.
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From page 73... ...
Overview of the Target Median Intake Approach The overall goal of planning intakes for groups of people, such as schoolchildren, is to achieve usual daily intakes within the group that meet the requirements of most individuals but are not excessive (IOM, 2003)
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From page 74... ...
The EARs used to determine the Target Median Intakes for schoolchildren 6–10 years of age are weighted averages of two age groups. The use of weighted averages was necessary because the proposed elementary school group for school meals spans part of two Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)
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From page 75... ...
. It was also used to determine a protein Target Median Intake in grams per kilogram of body weight (the units of the EAR for protein)
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From page 76... ...
. The resulting Target Median Intakes were 15.5 mg per day for females ages 11–13 years and 15.9 mg per day for females ages 14–18 years.
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From page 77... ...
(USDA/ARS, 2009a) and were found to be low, especially for adolescent females, the age groups for the reported data could not be used to calculate Target Median Intakes for the age groups in this report.
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From page 78... ...
Calculate the nutrient density (the ratio of the gender-specific Target Median Intake to the gender-specific Estimated Energy Requirement shown in Table 2-4) for males and females separately within each of the grade groups.
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From page 79... ...
Example to Illustrate the Nutrient Density Method Continuing with the vitamin C example above, the nutrient density of the requirements is calculated as the Target Median Intake divided by the
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From page 80... ...
However, the nutrient density of the foods consumed should be high enough to cover the needs of the females in the likely event that their calorie intake is below this average. If the committee had assumed a sedentary level of activity rather than a light-active level for the older females, their lower Estimated Energy Requirements would have led to nutrient density Target Median Intakes that would be unrealistically high.3 For youth ages 14–18 years, the vitamin C nutrient density Target Median Intake is similar to the values obtained using methods to calculate both the average and the highest Target Median Intake (see Appendix Table J-2)
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From page 81... ...
, and the resulting nutrient targets represent a step forward in applying the DRIs to planning intakes for groups so as to reduce the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intakes. DAILY SCHOOL MEAL-TARGET MEDIAN INTAKES COMPARED WITH MYPYRAMID FOOD PATTERNS The final School Meal-TMIs are the values obtained using the nutrient density approach.
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From page 82... ...
Fiber (g/d) 26.5 29 109 29.4 31 105 33.5 37 110 NOTES: αT = α-tocopherol; d = day; DFE = dietary folate equivalent; g = gram; kg = kilogram; mg = milligram; RAE = retinol activity equivalents; SM-TMI = School Meal-Target Median Intake; µg = micrograms; y = years.
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From page 83... ...
, the amount of vitamin E provided by the MyPyramid pattern would be only 63 percent of the School Meal-TMI; potassium would be about 80 percent of the target; calcium and magnesium would be slightly below the targets. CONVERTING DAILY SCHOOL MEAL-TARGET MEDIAN INTAKES TO BREAKFAST AND LUNCH NUTRIENT TARGETS School Meal-TMIs are for daily intake, but school meals provide only a portion of the day's intake.
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From page 84... ...
bTargets based on 32 percent of the daily School Meal-Target Median Intake for the age grade group. cZero grams of trans fat per serving as listed on the nutrition label or in manufacturer's specifications, for any food included on the school menu.
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From page 85... ...
The results are shown in Table 4-6. For each grade group, there were some nutrients with the adjusted 95th percentile of intakes above the UL, meaning that at least 5 percent of the children would have intakes above the UL if the median intake was at the School Meal-TMI, as follows • 6–10-year-olds: vitamin A, niacin, folate, and zinc for males and females • 11–13-year-olds: niacin and folate for males and females • 14–18-year-olds: niacin and folate for males and females; males' 95th percentile of intake would be slightly above the calcium UL It is worth noting that in all these cases except calcium, current intakes at the 95th percentile also exceed the UL.
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From page 86... ...
Intake Adj. Intake Nutrient (unit)
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From page 87... ...
2,300 6,280 4,072 177 2,300 4,558 3,690 160 NOTES: αT = α-tocopherol; Adj. = Adjusted; d = day; DFE = dietary folate equivalent; g = gram; kg = kilogram; mg = milligram; RAE = retinol activity equivalent; µg = microgram.
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From page 88... ...
This made it reasonable for the committee to develop targets for 24 nutrients. The committee used a data-based method to set preliminary minimum and maximum target calorie levels for school breakfast and lunch for the three age-grade groups, rounding the values for ease of implementation.
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From page 89... ...
Thus, the resulting Nutrient Targets should provide a sound basis for planning menus that are appropriate for both males and females in the age-grade group. Although the resulting intakes at the 95th percentile may exceed the UL for some nutrients, especially for the youngest children, it is unlikely that the amounts provided by the school meals pose a health risk.
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