Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals Volume 8 (2010) / Chapter Skim
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1 Acrolein
1 Acrolein
Pages 13-48
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From page 13... ...
Both the document and the AEGL values were then reviewed by the National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels.
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The values were held constant across time for the 10-min, 30-min, 1-h, 4-h, and 8-h time points because minor irritancy is generally a threshold effect, and prolonged exposure is not likely to result in a greatly enhanced effect. The AEGL-2 was based on a 10-15% decrease in respiratory rate in healthy human subjects exposed to acrolein at 0.3 ppm for 1 h (Weber-Tschopp
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(For example, AEGL-3 values for acrolein would range from 2.1 to 0.09 ppm and only ocular, nasal, or throat irritation and decreased respiratory rates were observed in humans exposed to acrolein at concentrations of 0.09 to 0.6 ppm for up to 40 min (Weber-Tschopp, et al.
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ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm respiratory rate in (0.92 (0.41 (0.23 (0.23 (0.23 humans (Weber mg/m3)
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(1966) described high fever, dyspnea, cough, foamy expectoration, cyanosis, and pulmonary edema in a 36-year-old man exposed to an undetermined concentration of acrolein in the course of one work day.
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. For the third subject, the respiratory rate was monitored continuously during the entire experimental period.
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There was also a decrease in mean respiratory rate over the course of the 1-h exposure to acrolein at 0.3 ppm. An average decrease of 10-15% was observed after both 10 and 20 min of exposure, and the decrease was significant (p < 0.01)
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During exposure, the subjects wore activated carbon respirators to breath clean air, and only the eyes were exposed to the acrolein. Each student recorded the degree of irritation every 30 s during the 5-min exposure.
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Nonlethal case reports and experimental studies with healthy human volunteers suggest that low concentrations of acrolein are irritating to the eyes, nose, and throat and cause a decrease in respiratory rate. At higher concentrations, coughing, pulmonary edema (may be delayed in onset)
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Chamber atmospheres were sampled four to six times during the 1-h exposures and 10 times during the 4-h exposures and were analyzed by gas chromatography. Lachrymation, perinasal, and periocular wetness, and mouth breathing were observed at all acrolein concentrations during exposure.
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3.1.4. Other Data Acute lethality data were available for mice, rats, dogs, cats, hamsters, rabbits, and guinea pigs; however experimental details such as animal strains, exposure systems, and concentration-response data were unavailable.
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1966 LC50 Rat 131 30 min Skog 1950 LC50 21 day observation Rat 8 4h Carpenter et al. 1949 Approximate LC50 Guinea pig 10.5 (only concentration studied)
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25 Acrolein animal served as its own control, with baseline values established by animals breathing room air. An RD50 of 1.68 ppm (95% confidence interval [CI]
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Lung and serum alkaline phosphatase levels were determined in subgroups of five animals at 0, 5, 24, or 48 h after exposure. During and following exposure, animals exhibited eye and respiratory tract irritation, gasping, dyspnea, anorexia, and generalized weakness.
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These results suggest that acute acrolein exposure is affecting only the sensory nerves and not autonomic fibers because substance P and CGRP are the two primary neuropeptides in the sensory innervation of the rodent respiratory tract. Also, these data suggest that the apparent adaptation to acrolein exposure observed in human volunteers (Weber-Tschopp et al.
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Acrolein concentration was measured by colorimetry. Acrolein-exposed animals exhibited increased respiratory flow resistance and tidal volume and decreased respiratory rate.
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fell in low-concentration animals that did not develop pulmonary edema. Edema was consistently produced in mid- and high-concentration dogs, with extravascular lung water ranging from 1.5 to 3.5 and 2.2 to 2.6 times baseline, respectively.
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Nonlethal animal studies indicate that the respiratory system is the target for acrolein toxicity and that acrolein is a potent irritant at relatively low concentrations and short exposure durations. Irritancy was demonstrated by respiratory rate decreases in rodents, signs of irritation such as gasping and dyspnea, and decreased immunoreactivity of sensory nerve fibers in rodents.
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Acrolein retention by the entire respiratory tract averaged 80-85% of the inhaled dose and was independent of respiratory rate. Approximately 20% of the inhaled dose reached the lower respiratory tract.
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RATIONALE AND AEGL-1 5.1. Human Data Relevant to AEGL-1 Very slight ocular irritation was reported in healthy human volunteers exposed to acrolein at 0.09 ppm for 5 min (Weber-Tschopp et al.
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RATIONALE AND AEGL-2 6.1. Human Data Relevant to AEGL-2 Moderate to severe ocular and nasal irritation accompanied by a 10-15% decrease in respiratory rate were reported in human volunteers exposed to acrolein at a concentration of 0.3 ppm for 1 h, (Weber-Tschopp et al.
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From page 34... ...
, decreases in respiratory rate in the range of 12-20% correspond to slight irritation, and decreases in respiratory rate in the range of 2050% correspond to moderate irritation. Decreases in respiratory rates after contact of nasal mucosa with irritants (including acrolein)
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From page 35... ...
would yield values that are inconsistent with the total database. (For example, AEGL-3 values for acrolein would range from 2.1 to 0.09 ppm, and only ocular, nasal, or throat irritation and decreased respiratory rates were observed in humans exposed to acrolein at 0.09 to 0.6 ppm for up to 40 min (Weber-Tschopp, et al.
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TABLE 1-11 Extant Standards and Guidelines for Acrolein Exposure Duration Guideline 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h AEGL-1 0.030 ppm 0.030 ppm 0.030 ppm 0.030 ppm 0.030 ppm AEGL-2 0.44 ppm 0.18 ppm 0.10 ppm 0.10 ppm 0.10 ppm AEGL-3 6.2 ppm 2.5 ppm 1.4 ppm 0.48 ppm 0.27 ppm ERPG-1 (AIHA)
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h TLV-STEL (Threshold Limit Value–short-term exposure limit, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists)
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Although there are a plethora of acrolein studies, many are not appropriate for derivation of AEGL values. Well-conducted acute toxicity studies in animal species other than the rat might help support the derived AEGL values.
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1997. DNA-protein cross-links produced by various chemicals in cultured human lymphoma cells.
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2001. Standing Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Chemicals.
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2005. Occupational Exposure Limit Value and Measures against Air Contaminants.
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C1.2 × 1 h = 0.236 ppm-h The 1-h exposure of 0.3 ppm was held constant for the 1-h, 4-h, and 8-h. AEGL-2 values since irritation is generally a threshold effect and a prolonged exposure is not likely to result in a greatly enhanced effect.
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1.2 × 1 h = 23.7 ppm-h 4 min, 8 h C1.2 × t k (4.8 ppm) 1.2 × 4 h = 26.27 ppm-h Uncertainty factors: 3 for interspecies variability.
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From page 44... ...
Effects: At 0.09 ppm, "annoyance"/discomfort and very slight eye irritation; at 0.15 ppm, nose irritation; at 0.26 ppm, doubling of blinking rate; at 0.3 ppm, 10% decrease in respiratory rate; at 0.43 ppm, throat irritation; and at 0.6 ppm, 25% decrease in respiratory rate. Effects are reported as threshold effects.
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From page 45... ...
. The 1-h exposure of 0.3 ppm was held constant for the 4- and 8-h AEGL-2 values because irritation is generally a threshold effect and prolonged exposure is not likely to result in a greatly enhanced effect.
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From page 46... ...
(For example, AEGL-3 values for acrolein would range from 2.1 to 0.09 ppm, and only ocular, nasal, or throat irritation and decreased respiratory rates were observed in humans exposed to acrolein at 0.09 to 0.6 ppm for up to 40 min (Weber-Tschopp, et al.
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APPENDIX C Category Plot for Acrolein FIGURE C-1 Category plot for acrolein.
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From page 48... ...
Log Log Time Conc.
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