Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals Volume 8 (2010) / Chapter Skim
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7 Peracetic Acid
7 Peracetic Acid
Pages 327-367
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From page 327... ...
and Chemical Manager William Bress (National Advisory Committee [NAC] on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances)
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From page 328... ...
Eye irritation, clinical signs, and pathologic lesions indicative of respiratory tract irritation have been observed in laboratory animals exposed by inhalation to various concentrations of peracetic acid aerosols. Exposure to lethal concentrations of peracetic acid causes hemorrhage, edema, and consolidation of the lungs, whereas nonlethal concentrations cause transient weight loss or reduced weight gain in addition to slight to moderate signs of respiratory tract irritation.
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From page 329... ...
Interspecies and intraspecies uncertainty factors of 3 were applied because mucous membranes of the respiratory tract are not expected to show significant variation in response to corrosive/irritating substances concentrations that cause physical damage and that approach the threshold for lethality regardless of species or the individuals in the population. The data, however, suggest that humans may be slightly more sensitive than animals to peracetic acid.
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From page 330... ...
Peracetic acid decomposes as it is diluted with water, particularly when diluted to 10 or 20% peracetic acid. Sulfuric acid catalyzes the decomposition of peracetic acid and is present in sufficient amounts in 10 to 20% peracetic acid products to catalyze the decomposition of peracetic acid to the individual constituents: acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
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From page 331... ...
that the relative concentrations of peracetic acid, acetic acid, and hydrogen peroxide varied in aerosols generated from the same product, thus demonstrating the instability of peracetic acid in the product or the aerosol. Although a contributing effect of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide cannot be ruled out in the toxicity studies described in this report, it appears, however, that acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide are considerably less toxic than peracetic acid.
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From page 332... ...
TABLE 7-2 Physical and Chemical Data for Peracetic Acid Parameter Data Reference Chemical Name Peracetic acid O'Neil et al. 2001 Synonyms Peroxyacetic acid, acetic peroxide, O'Neil et al.
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From page 333... ...
Peracetic acid is extremely irritating to mucous membranes of the eyes and nasal passages at low concentrations. Exposure to aerosols generated from diluted Peratol was associated with lacrimation at 5 ppm (15.6 mg/m3)
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There were no comparable levels between the two studies at the higher exposure concentrations. TABLE 7-3 Physiologic Response to Low Level Exposure to Peracetic Acid Aerosols Generated by a Fogger ppm (as total H2O2)
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From page 335... ...
Rats Janssen (1989a) conducted a study in which groups of five male CPB-WU Wistar derived rats were exposed to Proxitane 1507 (15% peracetic acid, ~28% acetic acid, 14% hydrogen peroxide, ~1% stabilizer, and ~43% water)
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From page 336... ...
Abbreviations: bw = body weight; 9 = decrease; URT = upper respiratory tract; LRT = lower respiratory tract. Source: Janssen 1989a.
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From page 337... ...
Groups of five male and five female Wistar derived rats were exposed to aerosols of the test material by nose-only inhalation in an aluminum chamber with the inside walls coated with silver and a thin layer of polytetrafluoroethylene. The test concentrations of peracetic acid in the chamber were analyzed as total peroxygen concentration corrected for the amount of hydrogen peroxide.
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calculated from the data in Table 7-5 Therefore, the concentrations of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide appear too low to have caused the deaths among the rats exposed to peracetic acid.
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From page 339... ...
at concentrations and exposure durations listed in Table 7-6. The test concentrations of peracetic acid were analyzed as total peroxygen corrected for the amount of hydrogen peroxide.
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90 <16 <16 3/5 0/5 bw, slight 9 3 15 499 172 +, ++; bw, no change 0/5 5/5 6 30 304 111 1/5 4/5 +, ++; bw, slight 9 4 30 578 193 1/5 5/5 +, ++, +++; bw, marked 9 7 60 329 115 2/5 5/5 +, ++; bw, moderate 9 5 60 589 233 2/5 4/5 +, ++, +++; bw, marked 9 9 90 172 63 0/5 5/5 +, ++; bw, moderate 9 8 90 355 119 1/5 5/5 +, ++; bw, moderate 9 a Concentration reported as mg/L by the study author converted to mg/m3. b +, ++, +++ refer to slight, moderate, and severe clinical signs, respectively; body weight gain: slight 9 = ≤5 g, moderate 9 = >5 to 15 g, marked 9 = >15 g.
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From page 341... ...
In a preliminary study, Janssen (1989c) examined the effect of peracetic acid on the respiratory rate in groups of three CPB-WU Wistar derived male rats exposed by nose-only inhalation for 25 min to aerosols of Proxitane 1507 containing peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide at the concentrations presented in Table 7-7.
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From page 342... ...
examined the effect of higher concentrations of Proxitane 1507 (15% peracetic acid, ~28% acetic acid, 14% hydrogen peroxide, ~1% stabilizer, and ~43% water) aerosols on the respiratory rate in groups of three CPB-WU Wistar derived male rats.
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From page 343... ...
conducted a study in which groups of 10 mice were exposed in a dynamic chamber to laboratory peracetic acid aerosols at concentrations of 70 to 140 mg/m3 for 60 min, three times/week for 4 weeks and
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From page 344... ...
Peracetic acid-treated animals developed a transient severe irritative cough accompanied by nasal secretion, lacrimation, and salivation. Transient vomiting and labored breathing and weight loss were also observed after day 19 in treated pigs.
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From page 345... ...
of peracetic acid, acetic acid, and hydrogen peroxide. Sulfuric acid may have been present at very low concentrations in some products.
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Data concerning effects of peracetic acid at nonlethal concentrations are summarized in Table 7-9. These studies showed effects on the respiratory tract and body weight gain.
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From page 347... ...
TABLE 7-9 Summary of Nonlethal Effects of Peracetic Acid in Experimental Animals Exposure Exposure Species/Stain/Sex Time Concentration (mg/m3) Effect Reference 15 min 499 Slight to moderate signs of respiratory irritation; no Janssen 1989b Rat/Wistar/M change in body weight 25 min 8.4 47% Depression in respiratory rate Janssen 1989c 25 min 12.2-13.9 32-33% Depression in respiratory rate 25 min 17.4 44% Depression in respiratory rate 25 min 36.3 67% Depression in respiratory rate 25 min 221-462 76-78% Depression in respiratory rate; moderate to Janssen 1990 severe necrosis of nasal turbinates 30 min 304 Slight to moderate signs of respiratory irritation, Janssen 1989b slight transient weight loss, slight to moderate nasal lesions 30 min 578 Slight to severe signs of respiratory irritation, Janssen 1989b marked transient weight loss, slight to severe nasal lesions 60 min 329 Slight to moderate signs of respiratory irritation, Janssen 1989b moderate transient weight loss, slight to moderate nasal lesions 60 min 589 Slight to severe signs of respiratory irritation, Janssen 1989b marked transient weight loss, slight to moderate nasal lesions (Continued)
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From page 348... ...
1966a 60 min H 28 d 22 Increased lung and liver weight, depressed weight Benes et al. 1966a 60 min H 28 d gain, lung inflammation 90 min 172 Slight to moderate signs of respiratory irritation, Janssen 1989b moderate transient weight loss, slight to severe nasal lesions 90 min 355 Slight to moderate respiratory irritation, moderate Janssen 1989b transient weight loss, slight to severe nasal lesions 240 min 7.2-72 Restlessness, lacrimation, and nasal discharge Benes et al.
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From page 349... ...
are similar, indicating a similar species response to inhalation exposure to peracetic acid. Whether the animals died or survived after exposure to peracetic acid, the effects were indicative of respiratory tract irritation in mice and rats.
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4.4.2. Susceptible Subpopulations Peracetic acid is a corrosive and extremely irritating substance that attacks mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and eyes; therefore, very little difference in sensitivity is expected among individuals within the general population.
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The data show that acetic acid and peracetic acid may produce similar effects on the respiratory tract, but peracetic acid is markedly more toxic than acetic acid. The RD50 was reported as 163 ppm (400 mg/m3)
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An intraspecies uncertainty factor of 3 was applied because peracetic acid is a corrosive and irritant substance, the effects are confined to the upper respiratory tract, and the effects are expected to be similar for most individuals within the population. The same value is for all exposure durations from 10 min to 8 h.
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From page 353... ...
Inhalation exposure to peracetic acid causes irritation to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and eyes at concentrations below those causing death. Concentrations of peracetic acid aerosols ranging from 8.4-36.3 mg peracetic acid/m3 caused 32 to 67% decreases in respiratory rates during a 25min exposure, but not in a dose-related manner (Janssen 1989c)
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From page 354... ...
Although irritation to the upper respiratory tract was extreme, lower respiratory effects did not occur even at concentrations as high as 15.6 mg/m3. Moreover, peracetic acid is freely soluble in water and should be effectively scrubbed in the nasal passages at the concentrations considered for deriving AEGL-2 values.
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From page 355... ...
. This study showed that rats exposed to Proxitane 1507 (15% peracetic acid~28% acetic acid, 14% hydrogen peroxide, ~1% "stabilizer," and ~43% water)
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From page 356... ...
were applied to 300 mg/m3 and 150 mg/m3 for the 30- and 60-min exposures, respectively. Uncertainty factors of 3 were applied because the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract are not expected to show vast differences in response to corrosive/irritant substances at concentrations that cause severe physical damage or at the threshold for lethality regardless of species or the individuals in the population.
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From page 357... ...
Peracetic acid occurs in mixtures with acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, a stabilizer, and sometimes sulfuric acid. Commercial preparations vary in the concentrations of the three components.
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1979. On the tolerance of per acetic acid aerosols with particular attention to impaired defense mechanisms [in German]
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1982. On the acute inhalation toxicity of peracetic acid aerosols in mice [in German]
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2001. Standing Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Chemicals.
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1991. Acute Inhalation toxicity study of peracetic acid 0.15 use dilution (MRK-91-004)
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. 3 for intraspecies variability; peracetic acid is corrosive and effects in the upper respiratory tract are expected to be similar among individuals in the population.
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From page 363... ...
Time Scaling: Uncertainty Factors: 3, for interspecies sensitivity: mucous membranes of the respiratory tract of humans and animals are not expected to show vast differences in response to corrosive/irritant substances at concentrations that cause severe physical damage or at the threshold for lethality. 3, for intraspecies variability: mucous membranes of individuals are not expected to show a great difference in response to a corrosive/irritant substance such as peracetic acid.
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From page 364... ...
Intraspecies: 3, individuals in the population are expected to respond similarly and by a factor no greater than 3 when exposed to corrosive/irritant agents that affect the upper respiratory tract. Modifying Factor: 1 Animal to Human Dosimetric Adjustment: Not applicable.
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From page 365... ...
1.36-3.12 mg/m3: mild discomfort; ≤1.56 mg/m3: no discomfort. End Point/Concentration/Rationale: Slight upper respiratory tract irritation at 4.7 mg/m3 Uncertainty Factors/Rationale: Total uncertainty factor: 3 Interspecies: Not applicable.
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From page 366... ...
End Point/Concentration/Rationale: Highest non-lethal concentrations for rats exposed for 30 or 60 min; the concentrations were 300 mg/m3 for 30 min and 150 mg/m3 for 60 min. Uncertainty Factors/Rationale: Total uncertainty factor: 10 Interspecies: 3, mucous membranes of the respiratory tract of humans and animals are not expected to show vast differences in response to corrosive/irritant substances at concentrations that cause severe physical damage or at the threshold for lethality.
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From page 367... ...
APPENDIX C Category Plot for Peracetic Acid Chemical Toxicity - TSD All Data Peracetic acid 10000.0 Human - No Effect Human - Discomfort 1000.0 Human - Disabling Animal - No Effect 100.0 Animal - Discomfort ppm 10.0 Animal - Disabling AEGL-3 Animal - Some Lethality AEGL-2 1.0 Animal - Lethal AEGL-1 AEGL 0.1 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 Minutes FIGURE C-1 Category plot for peracetic acid.
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