Spectrum Management for Science in the 21st Century (2010) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix E: Descriptions of Earth Exploration-Satellite Service Parameters Related to Table 2.1
Appendix E: Descriptions of Earth Exploration-Satellite Service Parameters Related to Table 2.1
Pages 214-220
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From page 214... ...
Current operational weather satellites combine both microwave and infrared spectrometer data to take advantage of the relative strengths of each; this sensor combination probably makes the single most important contribution of weather satellite data to the dramatic improvements achieved in providing useful global weather predictions up to a week in advance. Although the 50-60 GHz oxygen absorption bands provide most such data, they are generally supplemented by other bands that help correct the results for precipitation, humidity, and surface effects, discussed below in this appendix.
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Global SSS variability provides key insight regarding freshwater flow into and out of the ocean associated with precipitation, evaporation, ice melting, and river runoff. Global SSS measurements will also provide important background about how climate variation induces changes in global ocean circulation.
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SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE Global all-weather sea surface temperature data are critical for NWP and cli mate research. SST measurements are important for understanding heat exchange and coupling between the ocean and atmosphere, and SST data are required by operational ocean analyses in order to properly constrain upper-ocean circulation and thermal structure.2 SST measurements in clear air can be obtained using electro optical (traditional)
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From page 217... ...
Soil moisture measurements at higher frequencies, such as those planned for the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) near 6 and 10 GHz, will also provide additional data refresh reducing data latency and measurements capable of producing soil moisture estimates to approximately 8 percent uncertainty at 50 km horizontal spatial resolution.
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From page 218... ...
The resulting contrast in microwave brightness temperatures allows accurate estimates of sea ice concentrations (percentages of ocean area covered by sea ice) and hence the identification of sea ice distributions throughout the region of observation, as well as temporal variations of these distributions throughout the time period of observation.5 WATER VAPOR PROFILES Global water vapor profiles are essential to the NWP of rainfall and drought, and they help constrain such predictions in general.
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Uncertainty in the cloud droplet size distribution makes radar measurements of cloud water inaccurate. Because liquid water is a strong absorber (and hence emitter)
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7A.J.Gasiewski, "Numerical Sensitivity Analysis of Passive EHF and SMMW Channels to Tropo spheric Water Vapor, Clouds, and Precipitation," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 30: 859-870 (1992)
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