Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States (2010) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix B: Government Initiatives and Past Recommendations of the National Academies, the World Health Organization, and Other Health Professional Organizations
Appendix B: Government Initiatives and Past Recommendations of the National Academies, the World Health Organization, and Other Health Professional Organizations
Pages 335-356
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Appendix B Government Initiatives and Past Recommendations of the National Academies, the World Health Organization, and Other Health Professional Organizations
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2009 The Congressional Omnibus CDC plans to explore existing national and international public and private Food Appropriations Acta (2009) included initiatives to reduce sodium in the food supply manufacturers language encouraging CDC to work In fiscal years 2009–2010, CDC plans to convene public and private and chain with major food manufacturers stakeholders to build relationships and partnerships to investigate restaurants and chain restaurants to reduce approaches for reducing sodium consumption sodium content in their products CDC will explore knowledge gaps, utilizing its data systems to analyze and and to submit to the Committee on release pertinent sodium related data (CDC, 2009)
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for (Public Health Service, 1980) adults to at least the 3,000–6,000 mg range • > 75% of the population should be able to identify the principal dietary factors for high blood pressure and three other diseases • 70% of adults should be able to identify the major foods that are low in sodium • Sodium in processed foods should be reduced by 20% from present levels 1990 Healthy People 2000 (NCHS, 2001)
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1988–1994) to 65% (only 13% met target in 2003– 2004 [Public Health Service, 2008]
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as measures of sodium intake and for the validity of dietary recalls in order to consider the best feasible methods for individual and national-level assessments of sodium intake Other research needs identified in the areas of food technology; basic mechanisms of salt taste; and knowledge, attitudes, and skills of the public 1997 The Sixth Report of the Joint Reduce sodium intake to ≤ 100 mmol/d (2,400 mg sodium or 6 g sodium National Committee on Prevention, chloride) Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (NHLBI, 1997)
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States distributed materials to public health departments; hospitals and clinics; Low-SES as supporting partners; 22 states schools; senior centers; refugee centers; faith-based organizations; work (socioeconomic participated)
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with food 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Convened expert Advisory Committee to update the Dietary Guidelines for Americans for the year 2010. Sodium intake is included as a topic area for discussion (results pending)
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Sodium added to mandatory list of nutrients to be declared on food labels Defined the terms for sodium content claims 1993– Nutrition Labeling Final Rules Established a Daily Value (DV) of 2,400 mg for sodium labeling 2005 (HHS/FDA, 1993a,b,c, 1994, 2005)
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• What data are available regarding the potential for label statements about the health effects of salt to reduce salt intake? • To what extent could FDA's labeling policies provide incentives to manufacturers to reduce the salt content of processed foods?
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1993 Nutrition Labeling (USDA, 1993) Adopted similar food labeling provisions as FDA for USDA-regulated products (notably meat and meat products)
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Requires posting of sodium content on menus for restaurant chains with ≥ 15 outlets nationwide or $1 million in annual sales (collectively for the chain) ; if a menu board is used, nutrition information (including sodium)
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population salt intake by 20% over 5 years by working with industry to set salt reduction targets that are designed to allow for gradual reductions in the sodium content of packaged and restaurant foods a Public Law 111-8, Joint Explanatory Statement: Division F -- Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appro priations, 2009. b Implemented or passed into law as of February 16, 2010.
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3,300 mg 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowances (NRC, Estimated minimum requirements for sodium of 500 mg/d Healthy persons 1989a) ≥ 10 years of age 1989 Diet and Health: Implications for Reducing Limit total daily intake of salt (sodium chloride)
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status of salt and other sodium containing compounds Recommended a nationally organized campaign to educate the public about the risks of excess sodium intake and healthful food choices, build support for government and industry activities, and support consumers in making behavior changes to reduce sodium intake World Health Organization (WHO) 1990 Diet, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Upper limit 6 g/d salt Chronic Diseases (WHO, 1990)
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1973 Diet and Coronary Heart Disease (AHA, Moderate sodium intake 1973) 1986 Dietary Guidelines for Healthy American Consume no more than 3,000 mg/1,000 kcal/d sodium Adults Adults (AHA, 1986)
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food purchasing or preparation techniques to reduce sodium intake American Public Health Association 2002 Policy Statement: Reducing sodium content Urged manufacturers to reduce the sodium content of processed foods in the American diet (APHA, 2002) by 50% over the next decade at a suggested rate of 5% per year
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/d should be halved every 10 years World Action on Salt and Health Annually World Salt Awareness Week (World Action The 2009 awareness week focused on the often high amount of since on Salt and Health, 2009) hidden salt in foods obtained and consumed outside the home, and 2008 highlighted the importance of adding less salt to food and the long term health implications of eating a high salt diet World Hypertension League and World Action on Salt and Health Annually World Hypertension Day (World The 2009 day urged health experts and chefs to raise awareness of two since Hypertension League, 2009)
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2007. Reducing the population burden of cardiovascular disease by reducing sodium intake: A report of the Council on Science and Public Health.
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Hyattsville, MD: Public Health Service. NHLBI (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute)
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Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Public Health Service.
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Government Printing Office. WCRF/AICR (World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research)
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