Getting Value Out of Value-Added Report of a Workshop (2010) / Chapter Skim
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2 Uses and Consequences of Value-Added Models
2 Uses and Consequences of Value-Added Models
Pages 15-26
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From page 15... ...
However, perverse incentives may also be 1 The amount of the bonus linked to student achievement is small; much of the money goes to professional development. Additional funds for the Teacher Incentive Fund are supposed to come from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.
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From page 16... ...
SOME RECENT uSES Research Value-added models can be useful for conducting exploratory research on educational interventions because they aim to identify the contribu tions of certain programs, teachers, or schools when a true experimental design is not feasible. Workshop presenter John Easton has been studying school reform in Chicago for about 20 years.
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From page 17... ...
At the school level, they might be used along with other measures to help identify the subjects, grades, and groups of students for which the school is adding most value and where improvement is needed. Valueadded analyses of the relationships between school inputs and school performance could suggest which strategies are most productive, leading to ongoing policy adjustments and reallocation of resources.
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From page 18... ...
used an adjusted status model (similar to a value-added model but does not use prior test scores) to investigate these criticisms.
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From page 19... ...
The national Teacher Advancement Program (TAP) is a merit pay program for teachers that uses a value-added model of student test score growth as a factor in deter
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From page 20... ...
Participating districts essentially create an alternate pay and training system for teachers, based on multiple career paths, ongoing professional development, accountability for student performance, and performance pay. TAP uses a value-added model to determine contributions to student achievement gains at both the classroom and school levels.
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From page 21... ...
Empirical evaluations of CSRS, as well as anecdotal evidence, indicate that a number of surgeons with high adjusted mortality rates stopped practicing in New York after public reporting began. Poor-performing surgeons were four times more likely
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From page 22... ...
The adjustment process should be clearly explained, and an incentive structure should be put into place that minimizes perverse incentives. Discussant Helen Ladd emphasized transparency: "Teachers need to understand what goes into the outcome measures, what they can do to change the outcome, and to have confidence that the measure is consistently and fairly calculated.
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From page 23... ...
, or that there was a ceiling effect or some other consequence of test scaling, such that low-performing students were able to show much greater gains than higher-performing students. It was difficult to determine the exact cause, but had the model been implemented for teacher pay or accountability purposes, the teachers would have had an incentive to move to those schools serving students with low SES, where they could achieve the greatest score gains.
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From page 24... ...
Ben Jensen commented that when value-added scores are made publicly available, they create both career and prestige incentives: "If I am a school principal, particularly at a school serving a poor community, [and] I have a high value-added score, I am going to put that on my CV and therefore, there is a real incentive effect." Brian Stecher also noted that for school principals in Dallas, which has a performance pay system, it is not always necessary to give a principal a monetary reward to change his or her behavior.
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From page 25... ...
At the workshop, there was little concern about using them for exploratory research or to identify teachers who might benefit most from professional development. In fact, one participant argued that these types of low-stakes uses were needed to increase understanding about the strengths and limitations of different value-added approaches and to set the stage for their possible use for higher stakes purposes in the future.
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