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Understanding the Changing Planet Strategic Directions for the Geographical Sciences (2010) / Chapter Skim
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4 How and Where Will 10 Billion People Live on Earth?
Pages 49-58

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From page 49...
... . Similarly, in China, per capita residential living tion and urban population will be due to population growth occurring mainly in urban areas and rural to urban migration.
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From page 50...
... FIGURE 4.2 Percentage of urban population by region, 1950­2050. SOURCE: United Nations.
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From page 51...
... The routine collec tion of imagery for most of Earth's land areas by satellites role oF geograPhical scieNces provides an invaluable historical record covering more The study of human settlements is inherently an than three decades. This revolutionary development investigation of human–environment interactions, makes it possible to monitor human modification and which requires spatially explicit data and analysis, an urbanization of Earth's surface across a range of spatial understanding of the interaction among places and resolutions, from <1 m to the global scale (Sawaya et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2004)
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From page 52...
... provide daily global coverage at 500-m to 1-km spatial resolution on urban characteristics such as land cover, surface albedo, aerosols, and land surface "skin" temperature (Engel-Cox et al., 2004; Zhou et al., 2004)
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From page 53...
... NOTES: ASTER = Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer; AVHRR = Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer; DMSP/OLS = Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, Operational Linescan System; MISR = Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer; MODIS = Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer; SAR = synthetic aperture radar; SPOT = Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre; potential for urban and transportation planning (Ratti known about which urban forms have fewer negative et al., 2006)
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From page 54...
... . By definition, urban expansion formation of landscapes for urban development has transforms land cover, but where urban growth occurs driven plant extinctions (Hahs et al., 2009)
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From page 55...
... Climate-related effects on urban areas need to adapt. Changes in the hydrological cycle and include increases in temperature, heat stress, sea-level water availability will constrain future urban growth rise, storm surges, threats to building stock, energy and require water quantity management across multiple and transportation infrastructure, and urban flooding, jurisdictions of metropolitan areas (Holway, 2009)
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From page 56...
... as well as with the formation of human settlements, There is a similar need to understand the pat- pose challenges for analysts and policy makers alike. terns of urbanization in Asia, where 16 of the world's Advances in geovisualization and geosimulation can 27 largest urban agglomerations will be located by help inform adaptation strategies under different
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From page 57...
... . atmosphere leads to the urban heat island effect, which In addition to the quantity of rainfall, cities can also is characterized by elevated daytime and nighttime affect the timing and formation of thunderstorms and temperatures in and near urban areas compared to non- the severity of precipitation, as has been found for Tokyo urban or rural areas (Arnfield, 2003; Crutzen, 2004)
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From page 58...
... It will require can affect climate at different scales. However, we modeling urban climates at fine spatial scales to underlack a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics stand the effect of building materials, street geometry, by which urban expansion will affect climate; nor do and building geometry on local temperatures (Oke, we understand the interactions between local-scale 1973, 1981)
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Key Terms

  • urban development
  • urban expansion
  • urban growth
  • urban population
  • global environmental

  • land cover
  • urban heat
  • agricultural land
  • human settlements
  • spatially explicit

  • heat island
  • accessed january
  • surface energy
  • world population
  • population growth

  • satellite data
  • billion people
  • island effect
  • urban forms
  • urban form

  • land surface
  • environmental change
  • change adaptation
  • modern geographical
  • adaptation strategies

  • imaging spectroradiometer
  • urban migration
  • urban applications
  • urban features
  • urban road


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