A National Cancer Clinical Trials System for the 21st Century Reinvigorating the NCI Cooperative Group Program (2010) / Chapter Skim
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Glossary
Glossary
Pages 279-298
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From page 279... ...
Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, or biological therapy Adverse event -- an unexpected medical problem that happens during treatment with a drug or other therapy. Adverse events do not have to be caused by the drug or therapy, and they may be mild, moderate, or severe.
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From page 280... ...
The process of apoptosis may be blocked in cancer cells. Also called programmed cell death Assay -- a laboratory test to find and measure the amount of a specific substance back office operations -- also called back-end processes, those operations that rarely directly interface with a customer bayesian -- a trial design that considers the treatment effect as a random variable with a probability distribution rather than as an unknown constant that the investigator wishes to estimate bevicizumab (Avastin)
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From page 281... ...
Case report forms include data on each patient participating in a clinical trial, including adverse events. Cervical cancer -- cancer that forms in tissues of the cervix.
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From page 282... ...
Also called stem cell factor receptor Clinical decision support -- a clinical system, application, or process that helps health professionals make clinical decisions to enhance patient care Coinsurance -- describing the joint assumption of risk between the insurer and the insured that can be represented as a percentage or as a flat rate (copayment) Colorectal cancer -- cancer that develops in the colon (the longest part of the large intestine)
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From page 283... ...
The pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine Cooperative agreement -- an administrative and funding instrument utilized by federal agencies to provide assistance to award recipients. Unlike grants, cooperative agreements are utilized when substantial government involvement is expected Cooperative Group -- the collection of researchers, cancer centers, academic medical centers, community hospitals, private research institutions, and community physicians who organize to design and implement clinical trials to study new cancer treatments, methods of cancer prevention and early detection, and quality of life issues.
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From page 284... ...
-- the protein found on the surface of some cells and to which epidermal growth factor binds, causing the cells to divide. It is found at abnormally high levels on the surface of many types of cancer cells, so these cells may divide excessively in the presence of epidermal growth factor Estrogen receptor (ER)
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From page 285... ...
-- a type of tumor that usually begins in cells in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract Gemtuzumab ozogamicin -- a monoclonal antibody combined with a toxic substance that is used to treat certain types of acute myeloid leukemia in older patients and is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer Genome -- an organism's entire complement of DNA, which determines its genetic makeup Genomics -- the study of the complete genetic material, including genes and their functions, of an organism Germline DNA -- the DNA in germ cells. Germline DNA is the source of DNA for all other cells in the body Glioma -- a cancer of the brain that begins in glial cells (cells that surround and support nerve cells)
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From page 286... ...
This process is used to diagnose specific types of leukemia and lymphoma by comparing the cancer cells to normal cells of the immune system Immunostaining -- use of an antibody-based method of detection Immunotherapy -- treatment to boost or restore the ability of the immune system to fight cancer, infections, and other diseases. Also used to lessen certain side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments.
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From page 287... ...
It also includes biological products used in vivo for diagnostic purposes KRAS -- the Kras gene makes the KRAS protein, which is involved in cell signaling pathways, cell growth, and cell death, and may cause cancer when mutated. Agents that block the activity of the mutated Kras gene or its protein may stop the growth of cancer.
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From page 288... ...
The maximum tolerated dose is determined in clinical trials by testing increasing doses on different groups of people until the highest dose with acceptable side effects is found Meduloblastoma -- a malignant brain tumor that begins in the lower part of the brain and that can spread to the spine or to other parts of the body. Medulloblastomas are a type of primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET)
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From page 289... ...
Also called Purinethol Messenger RNA -- single-stranded RNA molecule that is complementary to one of the DNA strands of a gene Metabolomics -- the systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind; that is, small-molecule metabolites Metastatic -- having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from the primary site to other places in the body Minimal residual disease -- detection of small numbers of leukemia cells that are undetectable by conventional morphologic methods, using assays with greater sensitivity Molecular biology -- the branch of biology that deals with the formation, structure, and function of macromolecules essential to life, such as nucleic acids and proteins, and especially with their role in cell replication and the transmission of genetic information Molecular genetic marker -- biomarkers that are specific sequences of DNA Molecular profiling -- using genomics, proteomics, imaging, and bioinformatics to provide a molecular portrait of an individual patients' disease Morbidity -- a disease or the incidence of disease within a population. Morbidity also refers to adverse effects caused by a treatment Mortality -- refers to the death rate, or the number of deaths in a certain group of people in a certain period of time.
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From page 290... ...
It is a type of induction therapy Neovacularization -- altered blood volume, permeability, perfusion, and vascularity of the tumor tissue Neuroblastoma -- cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma -- a large, diverse group of cancers of the immune system cells Non-small cell lung cancer -- a group of lung cancers that are named for the kinds of cells found in the cancer and how the cells look under a microscope. The three main types of non-small cell lung cancer are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma.
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From page 291... ...
Panitumumab binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and may block tumor cell growth Peptide -- a molecule that contains two or more amino acids (molecules that join together to form proteins)
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From page 292... ...
Also called positron emission tomography scan Practice guidelines -- evidence-based recommendations to guide patient treatment decisions Preclinical study -- research using animals to find out if a drug, procedure, or treatment is likely to be useful. Preclinical studies usually take place before clinical trials in humans are conducted Precompetitive -- collaboration among competitors to achieve goals that cannot be feasibly attained alone and have the potential to benefit everyone Predictive biomarker -- a biomarker that can identify populations that are likely to be sensitive or resistant to specific treatments Prevalence (disease)
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From page 293... ...
In clinical trials, it states what the study will do, how it will be done, and why it is being done. It explains how many people will be in the study, who is eligible to take part in it, what study drugs or other interventions will be given, what tests will be done and how often, and what information will be collected
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From page 294... ...
At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best Randomized distribution trial design -- a trial design that enriches the patient population with likely responders RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) guidelines -- a standard set of criteria to assess treatment response via biomedical imaging Recurrence -- cancer that has recurred (come back)
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From page 295... ...
These signals can affect many functions of the cell, including cell division and cell death. Cells that have permanent changes in signal transduction molecules may develop into cancer Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
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From page 296... ...
Targeted therapy may be less harmful to normal cells than other types of cancer treatments Thalidomide -- an angiogenesis inhibitor drug that is used to treat multiple myeloma in patients who have just been diagnosed Thoracic -- having to do with the chest Time to progression -- a measure of time after a disease is diagnosed (or treated) until the disease starts to get worse Toxicity -- the extent to which something is poisonous or harmful Translational research -- a term used to describe the process by which the results of research done in the laboratory are used to develop new ways to diagnose and treat disease Trastuzumab -- a monoclonal antibody that binds to HER-2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2)
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From page 297... ...
sulfate -- a drug used to treat acute leukemia that blocks cell growth by stopping cell division Wilms' tumor -- a disease in which malignant cells are found in the kidney, and may spread to the lungs, liver, or nearby lymph nodes. Wilms tumor usually occurs in children younger than 5 years old
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