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2 National Inventories of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Pages 21-36

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From page 21...
... specifies greenhouse gas emissions per unit of activity. The national inventories of developed countries are This chapter describes current practices for developing subject to international review by teams of greenhouse greenhouse gas inventories, summarizes the accuracy gas inventory experts.
From page 22...
... Energy are expected to be adopted as the basis for reporting alone is responsible for almost 90 percent of total net national inventories beginning in 2015. greenhouse gas emissions from Annex I countries and The IPCC methodologies are intended to yield more than 40 percent of net emissions from developnational greenhouse gas inventories that are transpar- ing countries.
From page 23...
... Corresponding emissions. material for the industrial and waste sectors, including a The AFOLU sector is responsible for approxi discussion of CO2, HFCs, N2O, and CH4, is contained mately 30 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions in Appendix A
From page 24...
... There is a good cor Cumulative Contribution to Global Emissions 7,000 0.9 0.8 National Emissions ( MT CO2e) 6,000 0.7 5,000 0.6 4,000 0.5 Emissions 0.4 3,000 Percent of Global emissions 0.3 2,000 0.2 1,000 0.1 0 0 Ve Afr lic Cn n Ua B r ia N i ne ia a C ys i a ( S ar na M da So e n al n st )
From page 25...
... Emissions vary widely, production, harvest, and transport of the biomass are and emissions estimates are generally based on broad counted in the fossil-fuel emission inventories. When indicators and aggregate emission factors.
From page 26...
... , of Parties to the UNFCCC has been considering offering eco feed quality, and intake rates can incorporate energy nomic incentives to avoid greenhouse gas emissions by changing balance calculations to make more accurate estimates forest management practices. See details of the COP 11 and COP 13 meetings at
From page 27...
... Emission factors for CH4 Agricultural Nitrous Oxide. Approximately 3-5 perfrom livestock waste are estimated by using manure cent of nitrogen added through fertilization and, to production rates from livestock statistics, along with a lesser extent, fossil-fuel combustion is subsequently information on how manure is stored and managed emitted as N2O (Crutzen et al., 2008; Galloway et (e.g., waste lagoons, dry lot, composted)
From page 28...
... The low quality of national inventories in LIMITATIONS OF NATIONAL INVENTORIES developing countries largely reflects a lack of financial, FOR MONITORING technical, and institutional capacity. Funding to prepare National greenhouse gas inventory reporting cur- national inventories is provided by the Global Envi ronment Facility,3 but it is sporadic and insufficient to rently has a number of limitations for a new climate treaty.
From page 29...
... A comparison of annual CO2 emission values inventories. It also provides estimates of uncertainties calculated from national energy data reported to the for the emissions estimates, where available, and appor- United Nations and IEA by different analysts showed tions them into contributions from uncertain activity significant differences for individual countries, but no levels and from uncertain emission factors.
From page 30...
... good practice guidance. The uncertainty estimates for Denmark, Germany, Greece, and Poland were prepared for the majority of emissions source categories using the Tier 1 method, while the uncertainty estimates for Australia, Portugal, and the United States were developed using the Tier 2 method (i.e., the Monte Carlo method)
From page 31...
... For example, the IEA examined Limited Availability of Independent Data Sources the effect of replacing the 1996 IPCC guidelines with for Validation and Verification the 2006 IPCC guidelines for fossil-fuel CO2 and found that only the inventories that rely on default There are no truly independent sources of activvalues (i.e., use Tier 1 methods) for factors such as heat- ity data, such as fuel use, against which data used in ing values and carbon contents of fuels were affected, national greenhouse gas inventories can be compared.
From page 32...
... and N2O soil emissions (e.g., altered timing, independent data source, which European countries amount, and placement of fertilizer; use of nitrificause to identify and fill gaps in national inventories and tion inhibitors) depends on ground survey informato improve country-specific emission factors (Herold, tion and self-reporting.
From page 33...
... Although technical and financial assistance has The delay in reporting final emissions values frus- helped many developing countries complete a national trates efforts to independently validate national inven- inventory, the challenge is to build the capacity for tories with real-time physical measurements, although these countries to create complete and accurate invenit does not compromise the use of national inventories tories regularly and for all years. Some international for treaty purposes.
From page 34...
... the largest emitting developing countries using existing data is relatively modest. For example, an initial Facilitating Independent Verification of Selfinvestment of $450,000 per country6 for data collection, Reported Emissions Data training, and software and inventory tools could greatly improve the capacity of those countries to use higher- Complete accounting of all greenhouse gas sources tier methods for inventory preparation.
From page 35...
... Facilitate cross-comparisons of self-reported improved activity data and emission factors, which will data with data derived from other monitoring methods in some cases require research. Uncertainties in total and develop independent data sources.
From page 36...
...  VERIFYING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS • Support IPCC, United Nations, and IEA ods for preparing and publishing Annex I country efforts to improve energy statistics and FAO efforts inventories that are gridded at spatial and temporal to improve land-use and forestry statistics. resolutions appropriate for the particular green • Develop and implement standardized meth- house gas and source.


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