Verifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions Methods to Support International Climate Agreements (2010) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
3 Measuring Fluxes from Land-Use Sources and Sinks
3 Measuring Fluxes from Land-Use Sources and Sinks
Pages 37-52
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 37... ...
Much of the uncertainty associated Remote sensing provides a means to survey vegwith total AFOLU emissions is caused by uncertainty etation and land surface properties over large areas. It in measurements of carbon stocks associated with can be used to estimate the area within each country deforestation and rates of tropical forest cover change.
|
From page 38... ...
A global map of land cover in 2. Uncertainty in remote sensing-based estimates 1990, when coverage is most complete, could serve as of annual carbon fluxes from deforestation, refores- a baseline from which to identify subsequent changes tation, and forest degradation is now high (25-100 (see Figure 3.1 for a Landsat map of the United States percent)
|
From page 39... ...
B, A 2 observations for assessing logging rates in deforestation hot spots and for relating degradation patterns to Landsat observations; a wood products tracking system Fire emissions from 3-4j Improved atmospheric E, F 2 An OCO rebuild with existing tropical forests and emission ratios of CO/CO2 for MOPITT and TES CO peatlands deforestation and peatland fires observations would enable improved estimates of peat emissions CO2 Emissions Northern ecosystem 2-4k Improved inventories with A-E 2 Higher uncertainty levels for carbon fluxes belowground carbon monitoring countries without inventories in cropland, grassland, and forests; integration of improved observations with biogeochemical models continued
|
From page 40... ...
Soil CH4 emissions 3-4o Ground surveys of management E 2 practices; flux measurements as a function of key management practices, including midseason drainage and fertilizer application Fire CH4 emissions 4-5p Continuous sampling instruments E, F 3 established on towers near fires and used to calibrate models and remote sensing data in relatively homogeneous areas N2O Emissions Soil N2O emissions 4-5q Flux measurement network E 3 targeting different hot spots and soil, fertilizer, and manure management practices NOTES: CO = carbon monoxide; LDCM = Landsat Data Continuity Mission; MOPITT = Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere; OCO = Orbiting Carbon Observatory; SAR = synthetic aperture radar; SMAP = Soil Moisture Active-Passive; SSM/I = Special Sensor Microwave Imager; TES = Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer. aUncertaintylevels are 1 = <10%; 2 = 10-25%; 3 = 25-50%; 4 = 50-100%; and 5 = >100%.
|
From page 41... ...
Advanced Very High Resolureduction from 10 to 5 years will reduce omissions of tion Radiometer (AVHRR) data on global land cover characteristics are available from 1992 to 1993.1 land cover change, although 2-year intervals are likely to be necessary in regions where vegetation regrows Deforestation by complete clearcut harvest or quickly (e.g., wet tropical forests)
|
From page 42... ...
atmosphere showed an uncertainty of 20 percent when automated Forest Degradation. Remote sensing techniques can techniques were compared with air photos (Table 3.1)
|
From page 43... ...
In tropical forests, selective logging may leave some parts of the world to clear forest for pasture or a forest canopy that fills in within a year or that does agriculture, and fire is an important source of atmo spheric CH4 (14-88 Tg CH4 yr–1; Mikaloff Fletcher not appear to have been thinned. The trajectory-based change detection approach has not been tested in the et al., 2004; van der Werf et al., 2006; Denman et al., tropics.
|
From page 44... ...
They require the use of models to estimate bio- stocks and stock changes and greenhouse gas emissions. mass and combustion completeness (e.g., van der Werf Nevertheless, a much more extensive set of groundet al., 2006)
|
From page 45... ...
They used emissions have greater uncertainties (50-100 percent) a cellulose absorption index based on reflectance in the at regional to national scales because they are influenced upper shortwave infrared wavelength region from the by variable water and crop residue and manure manageEOS-1 Hyperion sensor.3 Differentiation of three till- ment and plant varieties, and because plant varieties age classes (conservation, reduced, intensive)
|
From page 46... ...
countries, with spatially representative sampling, repeat visits to permanent plots, and measurements of above ground live and dead biomass, forest floor carbon, Improved Carbon Inventories belowground live and dead biomass, and soil carbon. Changes in forest biomass carbon stocks can be Detailed methods for establishing a forest inventory measured directly from inventories of aboveground are laid out in Global Terrestrial Observing Systembiomass (live and dead)
|
From page 47... ...
. A good per hectare per year and has increased at an average example of an efficient greenhouse gas inventory design rate of ~0.2 tons of carbon per hectare per year, which is the Australian National Carbon Accounting System, is consistent with a comprehensive carbon inventory which was designed explicitly for carbon accounting at the same site (Barford et al., 2001)
|
From page 48... ...
An expanded network of grated system of measurements for monitoring land flux measurement sites, using conventional chamberuse greenhouse gas fluxes in countries with sufficient based methods, at well-characterized field experiments capacity and funding. could provide data to calibrate process-based models Using integrated observation and modeling frame that integrate variable climate, soil, and management works, annual carbon stocks and fluxes -- including car conditions.
|
From page 49... ...
, which are then used with satellite land cover years long, and they are beginning to show trends in and disturbance data and other spatial data (e.g., mete ecosystem responses to management and climate, but orology) to map carbon stocks (Blackard et al., 2008; there is a high risk that flux sites in the Canadian CarHudiburg et al., 2009)
|
From page 50... ...
Key obser- draft carbon strategy describes using inventories, eddy vations of land cover and land-use change have been covariance flux networks, atmospheric greenhouse made for more than 30 years by the Landsat series of gas observations, and ocean observations along with satellites, but the two satellites in orbit are deteriorating remote sensing observations of land cover and land-use and the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) is change (Landsat, SPOT, IKONOS, MODIS, SAR)
|
From page 51... ...
Increase the availability of moderate- and high- include continued research on the biogeochemical resolution satellite observations for mapping land cover cycles of these gases, supported by observations from change. This means that a successor to the LDCM eddy covariance towers, other flux measurements for should be added to the mission queue of NASA or N2O and CH4, and ecosystem inventories of all of another federal agency within the next year.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.