Ocean Acidification A National Strategy to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Ocean (2010) / Chapter Skim
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5 Socioeconomic Concerns
5 Socioeconomic Concerns
Pages 83-94
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From page 83... ...
It then considers three sectors- 1 Holland et al., 2010 provide a more detailed discussion of how economic evaluation frameworks and economic modeling and valuation methods can be applied to evaluating impacts on ecosystems and ecosystem services.
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From page 84... ...
. 5.1 EvALUATINg IMPACTS ON SOCIETy Economic methods and models can be used to estimate how net ben efits to society may be affected by expected changes in marine ecosystems due to ocean acidification (see previous chapters)
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From page 85... ...
. There is considerable uncertainty regarding the potential impacts of ocean acidification and how those impacts might be mitigated or changed by future human actions.
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From page 86... ...
Some economists have proposed using low discount rates (e.g., Stern, 2007) or alternative discounting approaches for projects with long-duration effects (see Boardman et al., 2006 for a discussion of these)
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From page 87... ...
In such cases investing in developing alterative economic opportunities may be more useful. The importance of focusing on longrun adaptation may be particularly important for ocean acidification because it is a slow driver of change with longterm effects and the potential for eco logical regime shifts.
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From page 88... ...
Sensitivity analy sis can then be used to identify the assumptions and parameters of the models that most heavily impact predictions which can help target lim ited resources toward research aimed at the information that is likely to be of greatest value. 5.2 MARINE FISHERIES United States wild marine fisheries had an exvessel value of $3.7 bil lion in 2007; mollusks and crustaceans comprised 49% of this commercial harvest (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2008; Cooley and Doney, 2009)
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From page 89... ...
For example, a snapshot of producer surplus today may substan tially underestimate future producer surplus because of the likely increase in seafood demand associated with increased population and income. Rebuilding depleted fish stocks, now mandated by law, could lead to increased catches and reduced costs (Worm et al., 2009)
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From page 90... ...
However, these economic impacts may be minimized and the ability of communities to adapt improved if there is good information available with sufficient lead time to allow for planned adjustments to impacts. Beyond the value of commercial or recreational shellfish harvests, shellfish resources such as oyster reefs and mussel beds provide valu able ecosystem services.
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From page 91... ...
, and guidelines on controlling overfish ing or rebuilding fish stocks vary, but managers of state fisheries face the same forecasting and planning challenges as their federal counterparts. 5.3 MARINE AqUACULTURE Since 2005, there have been many failures in oyster hatcheries along the U.S.
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From page 92... ...
But, as with conven tional fisheries, threats of changes 5 to 10 years in the future are likely to be of greatest interest. 5.4 TROPICAL CORAL REEFS Coral reefs provide many valuable ecosystem services, including direct use values for recreation, e.g., diving, snorkeling, and viewing; indirect use values of coastal protection, habitat enhancement, and nursery functions for commercial and recreational fisheries; and preservation values associated with diverse natural ecosystems (Brander et al., 2007)
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From page 93... ...
There are many potential users of information about ocean acidifi cation impacts on tropical coral reefs, including a variety of government agencies that manage reefs (e.g., NOAA National Marine Sanctuaries Pro gram) , nongovernmental conservation groups that work to protect reefs (e.g., Conservation International, World Wildlife Fund)
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From page 94... ...
. It is also important to promote the social and economic resilience and adaptive capacity of users that rely on tropical coral reefs.
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