Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals Eighth Edition (2011) / Chapter Skim
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4 Veterinary Care
4 Veterinary Care
Pages 105-132
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From page 105... ...
The number, species, and use of animals housed in an institution may influence the complexity of the veterinary care program, but a veterinary program that offers a high quality of care and ethical standards must be provided, regardless of the number of animals or species maintained. An adequate veterinary care program consists of assessment of animal well-being and effective management of • animal procurement and transportation • preventive medicine (including quarantine, animal biosecurity, and surveillance)
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From page 106... ...
Some aspects of the veterinary care program can be conducted by persons other than a veterinarian, but a mechanism for direct and frequent communication should be established to ensure that timely and accurate information is conveyed to the responsible veterinarian about issues associated with animal health, behavior, and well-being, and that appropriate treatment or euthanasia is administered. The AV should provide guidance to investigators and all personnel involved in the care and use of animals to ensure appropriate husbandry, handling, medical treatment, immobilization, sedation, analgesia, anesthesia, and euthanasia.
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From page 107... ...
Careful planning for all types of transportation should occur to ensure animal safety and well-being. The process of transportation should provide an appropriate level of animal biosecurity (see definition on page 109)
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From page 108... ...
Commercial vendors are experienced in animal transport and typically use dedicated transport systems and protocols to minimize microbiologic contamination. Noncommercial or interinstitutional transfer of rodents poses a higher risk of microbial contamination since the individuals involved may lack the required knowledge and animal biosecurity capabilities to maintain the animals' health status.
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From page 109... ...
Separation of clean and soiled caging and equipment, and sometimes the associated staff, is often fundamental to success. A successful animal biosecurity program incorporates a number of elements: procedures that ensure that only animals of a desired defined health status enter the facility; personnel and materials, especially consumables, that do not serve as fomites; practices that reduce the likelihood of cross contamination if an infectious agent is inadvertently introduced; a comprehensive ongoing system for evaluating animals' health status, including access to all animals; and containment and eradication, if desired, of
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From page 110... ...
; treatment of animals or their products at entry to minimize disease risks (e.g., surface disinfection of fish eggs) ; a comprehensive pest control program that may include evaluation of the health status of feral animals; procedures to ensure that all biologics administered to animals are free of contamination; and procedures for intra- and interfacility animal transport (e.g., transport of animals to laboratory and other facilities outside the animal facility can present challenges to animal biosecurity)
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From page 111... ...
. Separation by Health Status and Species Physical separation of animals by species is recommended to prevent interspecies disease transmission and to eliminate the potential for anxiety and physiologic and behavioral changes due to interspecies conflict (Arndt et al.
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From page 112... ...
Health monitoring programs also include veterinary herd/flock health programs for livestock and colony health monitoring programs for aquatic and rodent species. Access to diagnostic laboratory services facilitates veterinary medical care and can include gross and microscopic pathology, hematology, microbiology, parasitology, clinical chemistry, molecular diagnostics,
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From page 113... ...
The structure of the veterinary care program, including the number of qualified veterinarians, should be appropriate to fulfill the
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From page 114... ...
. Emergency Care Procedures must be in place to provide for emergency veterinary care both during and outside of regularly scheduled hours.
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From page 115... ...
Drug records and storage procedures should be reviewed during facility inspections. SURGERy Successful surgical outcomes require appropriate attention to presurgical planning, personnel training, anesthesia, aseptic and surgical technique, assessment of animal well-being, appropriate use of analgesics, and animal physiologic status during all phases of a protocol involving surgery and postoperative care (see Appendix A, Anesthesia, Pain, and Surgery)
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From page 116... ...
. Presurgical Planning Presurgical planning should include input from all members of the surgical team (e.g., the surgeon, anesthetist, veterinarian, surgical technicians, animal care staff, and investigator)
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From page 117... ...
Even when conducted in an agricultural setting, however, these procedures require the use of appropriate aseptic technique, sedatives, analgesics, anesthetics, and conditions commensurate with the risk to the animal's health and well-being. Surgical Procedures Surgical procedures are categorized as major or minor and, in the laboratory setting, can be further divided into survival and nonsurvival.
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From page 118... ...
. General principles of aseptic technique should be followed for all survival surgical procedures (ACLAM 2001)
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From page 119... ...
, care should be taken to keep the skin surfaces moist and minimize drying during surgical procedures. Postoperative Care An important component of postsurgical care is observation of the animal and intervention as necessary during recovery from anesthesia and surgery (Haskins and Eisele 1997)
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From page 120... ...
. PAIN AND DISTRESS An integral component of veterinary medical care is prevention or alleviation of pain associated with procedural and surgical protocols.
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From page 121... ...
Recognition and Alleiation of distress in Laboratory Animals (NRC 2008) is a resource with important information about distress in experimental animals.
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From page 122... ...
. Nonpharmacologic control of pain may be effective and should not be overlooked as an element of postprocedural or perioperative care for research animals (NRC 2009a; Spinelli 1990)
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From page 123... ...
Acute stress is believed to be a consequence of paralysis in a conscious state and it is known that humans, if conscious, can experience distress when paralyzed with these drugs (NRC 2008; Van Sluyters and Oberdorfer 1991)
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From page 124... ...
Lab Anim 19:20-39.
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From page 125... ...
Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 34:57-60. Capitanio JP, Kyes RC, Fairbanks LA.
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From page 126... ...
Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 33:61-63. Hackbarth H, Kuppers N, Bohnet W
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From page 127... ...
Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 41:10-12. Hughes HC, Lang CM.
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From page 128... ...
Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 43:29-34. Klein L
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From page 129... ...
Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 41:20-27. Paul-Murphy J, Ludders JW, Robertson SA, Gaynor JS, Hellyer PW, Wong PL.
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From page 130... ...
Lab Anim Sci 41:146-150. Sneddon LU.
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From page 131... ...
2007. Assessment of Veterinary Care.
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